Main Problems of Lexicology Essay

Lexicology is the study of oral communication-their menanigs and relationships. * slope phraseology is one of the most(prenominal) great amongst the worlds lang.contains an immense list of news shows of forerign origin. * lexicology has to study the etymology of intelligence service,e.g.their origin, their development and act upon * And slope is lang.which had changed a lot in a short period of clip * So, lexicology has to deal with all the changes in grammar and the vocabulary.why ARE WORDS BORROWED FROM 1 diction INTO ANOTHER 2Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact in the midst of ii intelligence activitying commwholeies. Borrowing of words can go in twain directions between the two rows in contact, merely frequently there is an asymmetry, such that to a greater extent words go from one stead to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestigiousness and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings d esirable and usable to the get language community. For example, the Germanic tribes in the graduation few centuries A.D. adopted umteen loanwords from Latin as they adopted peelight-emitting diode products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.The actual process of borrowing is complex and involves m each usage events (i.e. instances of mathematical bunk of the new word).Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language too, or at least enough of it to put on the relevant word. They (often consciously) adopt the new word when speaking the borrowing language, because it most just fits the idea they be trying to express. If they ar bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the equal or similar to the way they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from cut, at first with a pronunciation near to the F rench pronunciation than is now usually found. Presumably the very first speakers who utilise the word in English knew at least some French and comprehend the word used by French speakers, in a French-speaking context. phonic ADJUSTMENT OF BORROWED WORDS 3 stringently phonic change involves no ruffle of the contrasts of a phonologic system. All phono limpid systems are complex affairs with many small adjustments in phonics depending on phonetic environment, position in the word, and so on. For the most part, phonetic changes are examples of allophonic differentiation or assimilation, that is, sounds in particularised environments ask new phonetic features or possibly lose phonetic features they sooner had.Many phonetic changes provide the raw ingredients for later phonemic innovations. In Proto-Italic, for example, intervocalic */s/ became *z. This was a phonetic change, a mild and superficial k nontiness in the phonological system besides, yet when this *z merged wit h */r/, the effect on the phonological system was greater.TRANSLATION LOANS 4By translation-loans (calques) we indicate borrowings of a superfluous kind. They are not taken into the vocabulary of another language more or less in the same phonemic shape in which they have been carrying out in their own language, tho allow the process of translation. It is quite plain that it is only compound words (i. e. words of two or more stems) which can be subjected to such an operation, each stem existence translated separately masterpiece (from German Meisterstck), curiosity child (from German Wunderkind), first social dancer (from Italian prima-ballerina).ANTONYMS ACCORDING TO WORD derivational STRUCTURE 5Derivational antonyms.The reparation type of derivational antonyms contains negative prefixes dis-, il- /im-/in-/ir and un-. Other negative prefixes occur in this function only occasionally. Modern English prefers to form an antonym with the prefix un- the affix less is old and not generative anymore. In the oppositions like hopeful hopeless, utile useless the suffix less is secernate to the suffix -ful, not to the stem (otherwise the antonyms would be hope hopeless). E.g. egoistic unselfish, not selfish selfishless.Derivational antonyms may be characterised as contradictory. A pair of derivational antonyms forms a binary opposition (complementary root antonyms). E.g. logical illogical, appear disappear. Not only words, but set expressions as well, can be grouped into antonymic pairs. E.g. by accident on purpose.BROADENING AND NARROWING 6widening of inwardness. This occurs when a word with a specific or limited meaning is widened. The turnout process is technically called induction. An example of generalization is the word business, which sooner meant the state of be busy, careworn, or anxious, and was broadened to encompass all kinds of recreate or occupations. Another example of the widening of meaning is pipe. Its earliest recorded meaning was a musical wind instrumentate. Nowadays it can denote any holler oblong cylindrical consistence (e. g. water pipes). This meaning developed by means of transference based on the relation of shape (pipe as a musical instrument is also a hollow oblong cylindrical object) which finally led to a considerable broadening of the unravel of meaning. Narrowing of meaning.This happens when a word with a general meaning is by degrees utilise to something much more specific. The word litter, for example, meant pilot programly ( onwards 1300) a bed, then gradually narrow down to bedding, then to animals on a bedding of straw, and finally to things scattered about, odds and ends. . . . Other examples of specialization are deer, which in the beginning had the general meaning animal, girl, which meant originally a young person, and meat, whose original meaning was food. We produce that narrowing takes place when a word comes to refer to only part of the original meaning. The history of the word hound in English neatly illustrates this process. The word was originally pronounced hund in English, and it was the generic word for any kind of dog at all. This original meaning is retained, for example, in German, where the word Hund simply means dog. 7.Phraseological units are a kind of ready-made blocks which fit into the social system of a sentence performing a certain syntactical function, more or less as words do. EXP We never know the value of water savings bank the well is dry. You can take the horse cavalry to the water, but you cannot make him drink. Those who live in glass houses shouldnt throw stones.The first distinctive feature that strikes one is the obvious structural dissimilarity. If one compares proverbs and phraseological units in the semantic aspect, the difference seems to become obvious. Proverbs could be beat out compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the collective experience of the community. They moralize (Hell is paved with good intentions), give advice (Dont arbitrator a tree by its mouth, give warning (If you sing before breakfast, you will cry before night), rebuke (Liars should have good memories) No phraseological unit ever does any of these things. They do not stand for whole statements as proverbs do but for a single concept. Their function in speech is purely token(a) (i. e. they denote an object, an act, etc.). The function of proverbs in speech, though, is communicative (i. e. they impart certain information).