Buddhism: The 4 noble truths Essay -- Buddhist Buddha essays research

Buddhisms Four Noble TruthsSiddharta Gautama was twenty-nine years old when he abandoned his family to search for a means to aim to an end his and others suffering after studying meditation for many years. At age thirty-five, Siddharta Gautama sat down under the shade of a fig tree to meditate and he determined to meditate until he reached enlightenment. After seven weeks he received the Great Enlightenment which he referred to as the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold Path. Henceforth he became known as the Buddha. In The Heart of the Buddhas Teaching, Thich Nhat Hanh provides a citation from the Buddha, which gives insight into the cure of our distress. I watch only suffering and the transformation of suffering (Thich Nhat Hanh 3). When we recognize and acknowledge our own suffering, the Buddha, which is present in everyone, will look at it, discover what has brought it about, and prescribe a course of action that whoremonger transform it into peace, joy, and liberation. Suff ering is the means the Buddha used to liberate himself, and it is also the means by which we tooshie become free. The teachings of the Buddha revolve more or less this central tenant known as the Four Noble Truths. The Four Noble Truths represent the basis of the Buddhas teaching and form the central foundation of Buddhism. Historically, noble Buddha preached on these topics during his first public commentary following his enlightenment. The First Noble Truth states that Life is Dukkha. Dukkha, in English suffering, exists, even that this is the natural and common state of beings. To live, one must suffer because it is an inevitable part of life, which one cannot avoid. All beings must endure physical suffering as well as enduring psychological suffering the form of many human emotions. Human beings are subject to impermanence and uncertainty which very often, causes us to associate with things that are unpleasant and disassociate with things that are pleasant. This may seem a bit cynical and may suggest to many individuals that Buddhism is a dismal, fatalistic religion to date it just implies we must accept the good with the bad. Buddhas first noble truth is a statement that can obviously not be denied. In The Heart of the Buddhas Teaching, the author provides insight into the truth of suffering. To succeed in the practice, we must stop trying to prove that everything i... ...aintain ourselves clearly on all planes of existence. 8. dear Concentration, samyak samahdi, by establishing and maintaining our focus of appearance, manifestation and being through appropriate concentration, usually named as meditation, dhyana, we are grounded in our unfolding actuality. This is the threshold of Nirvana, to develop the eye of erudition.Anyone and everyone can achieve the highest goal in Buddhism. All one need to do is to make an honest effort to follow the Noble Eightfold Path. It is said that those who gestate reached enlightenment, like Buddha Shakyamuni and his disciples took much work to attain that state of mind it was not accidental. The Buddha and his disciples were once ordinary people, afflicted by the impurities of the mind, desire, ill-will and ignorance. It was through contacting the Dharma and purifying their words, thoughts and deeds. These individuals developed their minds and acquired wisdom so they became exalted beings able to teach and help others to realize the truth. If one applies themselves to the teachings of the Buddha, attainment of the ultimate goal of Buddhism, the goal of liberation, the everlasting bliss of Nirvana can be achieved.

Addiction and the Reward Circuit Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pape

Addiction and the Reward Circuit Most wad are affected directly or indirectly by do drugs pilferion. Many stereotypes including race and socio-economic class are associated with drug addiction. Despite longstanding stereotypes there is more and more evidence being discovered pointing to an explanation from at bottom the brain of the addict. Free will is gener wholey associated with drug addicts as is their choice to use drugs, but free will may not be a factor in addiction. The key to addiction lies solely in the brain, without influence form the I-function, or free will. The affect of all drugs of abuse, which are characterized by heroine, cocaine, LSD, opiates, and others, is on what is known as the reward circuit of the brain (1). The circuit includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is connected to the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex in the pathway where they eliminate through neurons (4). Other areas of the brain may be involved depending on the drug (2). The VTA and nucleus accumbens are involved in the reward circuit of all drugs (3). The natural function of the reward circuit is to provide a reward and associated pleasurable feelings in response to life sustaining functions, such as eating, to encourage repeating of that function. The reward circuit functions through the use of neurotransmitters, mainly dopamine. When activated, the circuit triggers the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that induces a pleasurable feeling, from the neurons in the VTA. Drugs of abuse stimulate this same response, in many cases to a greater degree than the natural response causing a spike in dopamine levels. Certain drugs, especially cocaine, can distract dopamine receptors in the reward circuit. After being ... ...tion towards addiction to drugs of abuse. The brain may be solely responsible for the addiction but if this is true, how do people overcome their own brains to recover from addiction. Could it be that the brain changes back to its normal state in turn allowing the addict to recover or could it be the addict forcing his brain to change back to its normal state, causing recovery. References1)This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a program at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be authoritative but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. net links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Contribute Thoughts Search Serendip for Other Papers Serendip Home scalawaghttp//serendip.brynmawr.edu/serendip/a2z.html

Lupus Essay -- essays research papers

Lupus is an auto resistant disease that attacks women between the ages of 15 and 40. It occurs less often in men than in women. The people affected by lupus vary depending on the country or region. In the US alone, the prevalence rate is highest among Asians of Hawaii, blacks of Caribbean origin, and Native Americans of the Sioux, Arapahoe, and Crow tribes. Lupus is a disease that affects the immune system. We can think of the immune system as an army within the body with hundreds of defenders (known as antibodies). They defend the body from attack by germs and viruses. In lupus, however, the immune system becomes overactive and creates antibodies that attack healthy tissues in the body, such as the skin, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain. This attack induces inflammation, causing redness, pain, and swelling. It is not contagious. Symptoms come and go and vary from someone to person. The symptoms can develop so slowly that the person may not notice for a long time. When the lupus s ymptoms are evident, they are called flares or relapses. When the symptoms are better, it is verbalize that they are in remission. There are three major types of lupus 1.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - lupus that affects certain parts of the body2.Discoid or Cutaneous Lupus - lupus mainly of the skin3.Drug-Induced Lupus - lupus caused by medicine Systemic lupus erythematosus, sometimes called SLE, is the most serious form of the disease. Systemic means that it may affect many parts of the body, such as the joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, heart, or the brain. This type of lupus can be mild or serious. If it is not treated, systemic lupus can cause damage to the organs inside your body. Discoid and epidermal lupus mainly affects the skin. The person may have a red rash or a color change of the skin on the face, scalp, or former(a) parts of the body. Drug-induced lupus is caused by a small number of prescription medications. The person with drug-induced lupus may have the same symptoms as the person with systemic lupus, but it is normally less serious. Usually when the medicine is stopped, the disease goes away. The most common drugs that can cause lupus are procainamide, used for heart problems, hydralazine used for high furrow pressure, and dilantin used for seizures. Drug-induced lupus is usually found i... ...nbspChloroquine, (Aralen) oHydroxychloroquine, (Plaquenil) oQuinacrine, (Atabrine) Chemotheraphy drugs oAzathioprine, (Imuran) oCyclophosphamide, (Cytoxan)If, after diagnosis of lupus, the patient should develop pain in the toilet table previously undiagnosed that is crushing or squeezing, shortness of breathe that is proceeding the patient to breathe adequately, or more than two symptoms of a stroke, 911 or another fatality service should be called immediately. The doctor should be called immediately if the patient develops chest pain, shortness of breathe, blood in the urine or urinating less than normal, a fever over 100.5 with or without a heada che or body aches, experience depression or change in behavior, numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, dizzy or muscle weakness, or have swelling of the lower extremities and have been diagnosed with lupus.There is no cure, no way to prevent lupus, and there is no definitive treatment.

NIKEs Labour Troubles Essay -- Nike Sweatshops Outsourcing Labor Essa

NIKEs Labour TroublesNike publicizes itself as iodine of the leading industries in corporate responsibility. However, they do not accede with several human rights obligations overseas in countries like Thailand, Pakistan, China, Vietnam and Inthroughsia. In these countries, production facilities called sweatshops have been running for almost 35 years employing officiateers as young as 13 years of age. The conditions of these factories argon adverse to say the least and deprive workers of the moral human rights they should be entitled to. Sweatshops ar unethical, immoral and demonstrate Nikes ignorance towards their social responsibilities abroad. Within these facilities, workers endure stress to the full long days under undesirable conditions, often with no breaks and very little pay. While this is going on overseas, sponsored athletes be being paid million dollar salaries here in North America. Although Nikes reputation has been foiled through the tabloids regarding this issue, they have been making a essential effort to clean up production messes in the East.Nike, as many other companies do, facilitates production in other countries to help grow sales in those particular regions. The main difference between Nike and some of the other companies is that other companies do not support the exploitation of labourers or human rights. Not to counsel that Nike promotes labour exploitation, but they are less strict about these rules than other companies in foreign markets. Impacts on health and safety are a study factor for employees in sweatshops. However, physical and sexual abuse is another serious concern of many of the sweatshop workers. Most of the sweatshops run by Nike contractors are factories located in relatively small spaces to save on real estate costs. They are often soiled with dirt and kept unheated to save on expenses. disoriented glass and dangerous equipment is left on the floors causing potential dangers to any people scattered within the factory. Employees are subject to agony and violent punishments if work is not being completed as thoroughly and efficiently as the contractors would like. Workers slave under unfavourable conditions for up to 14-hour days often with no breaks. These employees are paid less than $100 US and work on average over 250 hours per month. Substandard wages keep factory workers in poverty and draw out them to work excessi... ... strongly suggest that awareness of sweatshop abuses is turning consumers away from Nike. (International Nike Mobilization - www.haleokala.com).Nike has been under a great deal of pressure to correct the misdoings that have been done regarding production facilities in the East. As Nike is responsible for these plants, their reputation has been tainted with increasing public debate about ethical matters. While Nike still promotes itself as one of the industry leaders in corporate social responsibility, workers in Asia are still forced to work excessively long hours in substandard environments and are not paid enough to meet the basic needs for themselves or their families. They are faced to a life of poverty and are unfortunate subjects to harassment and violent threats if they make any attempt to form unions or tell journalists about labour abuses in their factories. Phil Knights speech regarding Nikes go to improving human rights in Asian countries was a step in the right direction for Nike, but it would have been much more effective had Nike fully followed through with these initiatives. Works CitedCampaign For Labour Rights International Nike Mobilization.

Should Children Be Allowed To Testify In Court? Essay -- Children Cour

Should Children Be Allowed To Testify In Court?Over the past ten years, more research has been done involvingchildrens testimony than that of every(prenominal) the prior decades combined. Ceci & Bruck(93) have cited four reasons for this - The opinion of psychology experts is increasingly existence accepted by courts astestimony,- Social research is more comm barely being applied to the issues of childrensrights,- More research into adult suggestibility in accordance with reason naturallyleads to more research into child suggestibility,- Children are more commonly being used as witnesses in cases where they aredirectly involved (i.e. sexual abuses cases), requiring the development ofbetter ways for dealing with them as special cases. Some psychologists reserve children to be Highly resistant to suggestion,as unlikely to lie, and as received as adult witnesses about acts perpetratedon their bodies (Ceci & Bruck 1993). However, children are as well as described as Having difficul ty distinguishing reality from fantasy, as being susceptible tocoaching by powerful authority figures, and therefore as being potentially lessreliable than adults (Ceci & Bruck 1993). The suggestibility of child witnesses,the effects of participation on childrens reports, and the effects of posteventinformation on a prior memory representation must be taken into nib when itcomes to seeking answers to the reliability of their testimony, especiallybecause sexual abuse and sexual assault cases are a big part of childrenstestimony and they are often the only witness.Those psychologists who feel that children can be rated as Highlyresistant to suggestion.... etc. seem to have a good argument, whereas thosewho take the opposite view also seem to have just as valid an argument. Whichpsychologists are right? Maybe both. It seems that without outside influences,social encounters, or other interferences, childrens testimony has thepotential to be quite valid. This is under ideal situations, however, whichunfortunately rarely occur.One of the major problems when assessing the validity of child witnessesis the suggestibility of the child. Ceci & Bruck (1993) define suggestibilityas The degree to which childrens encoding, storage, retrieval, and reportingof events can be influenced by a range of social an... ...t that no children should be allowed to testifyon account of the malleability of their recollection. However, children canplay a vital share in the legal system, and indeed there are many cases in whicha child is the only witness to a crime, but until the time that ableresearch has been done to achieve a system of questioning that will eliminatethe suggestibility and social aspects of a childs testimony, all suchtestimonies should be treated with caution. industrial plant CitedBernstein, D. A., Roy, E. J., Srull, T. K., Wickens, C. D. (1994)Psychology, 3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, MA.Ceci, S & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the Child Witness AHist orical Review and Synthesis, Psychological Bulletin. 113, 403 - 439Lefrancois, G. R. (1992). Psychology, 2nd edition. Wadsworth PublishingCompany. California.Luus, C. A. E., Wells, G. L., & Turtle, J. W. (1995). Childeyewitnesses Seeing is believing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 317 - 326Rovee-Collier, C. et al. (1993). Infants witness Testimony Effectsof Postevent Information on a Prior Memory Representaion, Memory and Cognition,21, 267 - 279

Should Children Be Allowed To Testify In Court? Essay -- Children Cour

Should Children Be Allowed To Testify In Court?Over the past hug drug years, more investigate has been done involvingchildrens testimony than that of all the prior decades combined. Ceci & Bruck(93) have cited four reasons for this - The opinion of psychology experts is increasingly being accepted by courts astestimony,- Social research is more comm lonesome(prenominal) being applied to the issues of childrensrights,- More research into adult suggestibility in accordance with reason naturallyleads to more research into child suggestibility,- Children are more commonly being used as witnesses in cases where they aredirectly involved (i.e. sexual abuses cases), requiring the development ofbetter shipway for dealing with them as special cases. Some psychologists deem children to be Highly resistant to suggestion,as unlikely to lie, and as reliable as adult witnesses astir(predicate) acts perpetratedon their bodies (Ceci & Bruck 1993). However, children are also described as Having d ifficulty distinguishing reality from fantasy, as being susceptible tocoaching by powerful authority figures, and indeed as being potentially lessreliable than adults (Ceci & Bruck 1993). The suggestibility of child witnesses,the effects of participation on childrens reports, and the effects of posteventinformation on a prior retrospection representation must be taken into account when itcomes to seeking answers to the reliability of their testimony, especiallybecause sexual abuse and sexual assault cases are a wide-ranging part of childrenstestimony and they are often the only witness.Those psychologists who feel that children can be rated as Highlyresistant to suggestion.... etc. seem to have a good argument, whereas thosewho take the opposite view also seem to have just as valid an argument. Whichpsychologists are right? Maybe both. It seems that without outside influences, accessible encounters, or other interferences, childrens testimony has thepotential to be quite valid. T his is under ideal situations, however, whichunfortunately rarely occur.One of the major problems when assessing the validity of child witnessesis the suggestibility of the child. Ceci & Bruck (1993) delineate suggestibilityas The degree to which childrens encoding, storage, retrieval, and reportingof events can be influenced by a range of social an... ...t that no children should be allowed to testifyon account of the plasticity of their recollection. However, children canplay a vital role in the legal system, and indeed there are many cases in whicha child is the only witness to a crime, but until the time that sufficientresearch has been done to achieve a system of questioning that will eliminatethe suggestibility and social aspects of a childs testimony, all suchtestimonies should be treated with caution.Works CitedBernstein, D. A., Roy, E. J., Srull, T. K., Wickens, C. D. (1994)Psychology, 3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, MA.Ceci, S & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the Child Witness AHistorical Review and Synthesis, Psychological Bulletin. 113, 403 - 439Lefrancois, G. R. (1992). Psychology, 2nd edition. Wadsworth publicationCompany. California.Luus, C. A. E., Wells, G. L., & Turtle, J. W. (1995). Childeyewitnesses Seeing is believing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 317 - 326Rovee-Collier, C. et al. (1993). Infants Eyewitness Testimony Effectsof Postevent Information on a Prior Memory Representaion, Memory and Cognition,21, 267 - 279

Primacy Effect

Primacy Effect is a cognitive bias that results from disproportionate salience of initial stimuli or observations. It is the tendency to remember well the branch items, that entrust influence us more than the later information will. According to Solomon Asch (1946), a glance, a fewer spoken words are sufficient to tell us a story about a highly complex matter (pg. 258). Therefore, we often occupy our judgment of the person right from the first impressions. For example, if someone makes a good first impression the moment they meet you, you will tend to dismiss shun attributes shown later in the person.However, if someone were to make a bad first impression, they will have a hard time making a appointed influence later on. In one see, the Asch had presented a list of six adjectives to a subject. It was revealed that subjects who had flattering descriptors were picked to be more likeable when their adjectives were in order from kind to unfavorable. Therefore humans perceive the people around them by their independent trait. Humans often fill in the gaps of missing information. In another study that Asch (1946) conducted, the two different subjects were shown 2 lists A. bedient-weak-shallow- flying-unambitious-vain B. vain-shrewd- unscrupulous-warm-shallow-envious (pg. 267) results shows that the subjects were more influenced by the words that came before warm. They felt that in series A, the person was truly and genuinely a warm person. However, in series B the subjects felt that the warmth in the person lacks sincerity. (Asch, 1946, pg. 267). This clearly displays the primacy effect that humans different judgment of two different first impression, however with a similar central trait warm.Therefore, we would perceive people with better physical appearances as more socially desirable and that the first impressions of them will be positive. Even if there were to be signs of any negative characteristics, humans tend allow these first impressions to become se lf-fulfilling prophecies and be naturally biased towards them. speech Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290

Ambition in Life – Essay

I firmly believe that school is much more than what we understand it to be. Education enlightens a person in the equal way a lamp brightens a dark room. But in order to ignite the light of education in a person, a teacher plays the function of the lamp carrier. Through my educational life Ive considered education as a handle to not only gaining knowledge but also a method of igniting our thoughts, and the process of development of a person starts from his early school age.In the developing country like India where half of the population lives below the poverty line, a ordure to give the children their right to equal education is required. Having come across students who dropped out of schools because of lack of interest, I thumb the urge to be a part of outline where a teacher is not only qualified to teach but who can also be a mentor to the students. Teach for India is one such initiative which is working on motto of ending inequity in education and ideas of educating childr en beyond the conventional methods of our educational system.I realized that by cosmos a Teach for India fellow not only I will be imparting knowledge to the young ones but will also serve them in grooming. So it work not only for education sector it also work for community development. I purposely want to join the beau monde as oppose to working in other education-focused organization are as follow- 1 . Having received the best education myself, I silent the power of knowledge and the impact it can have on the society.By putting me in the class room of young guns of India , Teach for India provide me the run a risk to advertise new generation not to make the mistakes which they seems to make in absence of proper resources and guidance. 2 . Prior to and during the two-year Fellowship, Teach For India provides Fellows with adequate leaders training to ensure that they are successful leaders in any field once they complete the Fellowship. 3 . Finally and foremost thing it makes m e feel me proud to be a good citizen of India who has contributed to some extent to my motherland.

Advancement in computer graphics

Since the dawn period of video artistic production, graphics developers had to depend on complete knowledge of the hardware they were working with. This knowledge came from tons of experimentation and electronics know-how. (Rickitt, Richard. 2000.) farinaceouss, such as Pong or Asteroids, graphic instaurationers had to have a good knowledge of what every chip on the game motherboard could nominate them.They were required to be fully aware of the amount of memory they might require like colors and sounds etc. roughly times they had to get by dint of with the manufacturers to get assistance in designing chips that cater to their requirement.Sound and graphics were primitive at best, but they worked. Since these early games were in fact a pioneering attempt, they also had to fuck off new user controls to work with. (Ritter, R. (2002)Early DOS games were dependent on knowledge of machine and assembly wordings to enter the OSs lower levels. With the passage of time, more than in telligible languages were introduces, such as BASIC and LOGO though, they didnt have the potential of assembly language.Next innovation in language world was Pascal and C. With C, game developers could design advanced code routines devoid of having to work with tons of assembly code, therefore making graphics easier. Very soon C language became the preferred language of graphic designers. (Timo Aila, 2003)With these language changes, one difficulty remained. To develop high-quality games, developers still required a thorough knowledge of the hardware they were running with. There was no wish to know every chips capabilities, however they had to know things such as video cards, sound cards, and input devices. They also had to cope with memory constraints, which were turning out to be a hindrance to graphic designs.Along Came WindowsAdvancement in computer operating system it turned out to be very easy to maintain specific standards in the computer industry. These standards consisted hardware interfaces, video memory standards, sound standards, and CPU memory specifications. Yet, there was still a lot of conflict within the industry, and lots of hardware turned out to be unsatisfactory. Consequently, numerous games developed in Windows faced a lot of problems.Microsoft understood this problem early on and emphasized its efforts on improving its environment and working to reform performance for the parts of the operating system that cater to game and multimedia requirements.These efforts were obvious in Windows 95, one of the start-off-year operating systems that produced reliable hardware- software system interaction a reality. Since all hardware companies had to meet a comparable standard and Microsoft controlled how its operating system responded to the hardware.In the DOS days, you had to build your feature drivers for every type of video card, but with Windows, you had to develop to only one standard. In spite of spending time producing and understandin g numerous hardware specifications, designers relied on Microsoft to do all that for them and wrap up it for their use in the OS.There was one flaw with all of this. Windows was initially designed for homes and offices not for professional multimedia development. It lacked puny necessary items that had become trademark in the multimedia market virtuallyly graphics speed, DOS was better then windows.It was the same hardware, but there were legion(predicate) more layers between the developers code and the hardware they wanted to control. The effect was that a lot of developers deserted the idea of Windows game development and depended on the Windows capability to pay out to DOS.After Microsoft understand that game developers agreed with its idea but reluctant to give up the performance they had become used to in DOS, Microsoft started exploring ways to facilitate developers to puree that hardware layer. Some of the initial attempts involved WinG, WinToon, and OpenGL.Wings become popular at the time of Windows 3.1 and Windows for WorkGroups. WinG was the first try at a complete graphics API (Application Programming Interface) library to eradicate the limitations of the Windows API.WinG rendered high-performance graphics system that could be accessed through Windows game development world to that community who worked completely in DOS.WinToon worked as first API system for Windows 95 that supplied the potential of easy animation playback. API also provided better performance as compared to existing Windows 95 APIs. Thus it aided to improve the multimedia playback capabilities of animation programs for instance kids games and educational programs.OpenGL is a powerful set of APIs that let the developers to cut through the Windows red tape to integrate some of the hardware procedures of 2D and 3D graphics. Unexpectedly, OpenGL was not the product of Microsoft instead it was introduced by Silicon Graphics, Inc.These technological advancements were an enormous boo st, but eventually turn out to be short. As the game market boosted and the requirement for more games on the Windows 95 platform rose, Microsoft developers went back to work.What they came up with was the Windows 95 Game Software Developers Kit (SDK), which introduced the first version of DirectX. DirectX was actually restricted for the computer game industry but has evolved to embrace other areas, for instance, improvement in the arcade business and handheld Windows CE devices.As DirectX has improved, Microsoft rendered network support, in addiction with force feedback support, and 3D graphics capabilities. When ever improvements are required, the DirectX team has gone on to improve the performance of this amazing software library. (John Owens. 1983.)Video graphics games fueling hardware growth and hardware in turn fueling games will continue on. Thus the future of video games will most likely be tied to the future of graphics hardware and tactile hardware. With the introduction o f the DirectX 8.0 API and same type functionality in OpenGL, GPUs increased programmable shading to their functions.The entire pixel could now be achieved by a short program that could involve additional image textures as inputs, and every geometric vertex could similarly be processed by a short program before it was shown on the screen. nVidia introduced chip capable of programmable shading, the GeForce 3 (widely known as NV20).By October 2002, with the introduction of the ATI Radeon 9700 (also known as R300), the worlds first Direct3D 9.0 accelerator, pixel and vertex shades could implement looping and lengthy floating point math, and in general were soon becoming as conciliatory as CPUs, and orders of magnitude faster for image-array operations. (Dan McCabe 1998)Nowadays, parallel Graphics Processing Unit have started computable graphic inroads against the operating system, and a subfield of study, dubbed GPGPU for General Purpose reckoning on GPU has paved its way into areas as diverse as oil exploration, scientific image processing, and even stock options pricing determination.There is increased pressure on GPU manufacturers to update hardware design, generally emphasizing on adding more flexibility to the programming modelBibliographyBartle, Richard A, 2003,Designing Virtual Worlds , 1st Edition, tender Riders Dan McCabe and John Brothers. DirectX6 Texture Map Compression. Game Developer Magazine, August 1998John Owens. EEC 277 Graphics Architecture. Technical report, 2005 Lance Williams. Pyramidal Parametrics. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 83), pages 111. ACM, July 1983.Ritter, R. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press. Rickitt, Richard. Special Effects The History and Technique. New York Billboard Books, 2000.Timo Aila, Ville Miettinen, and Petri Nordlund. Delay Streams for Graphics Hardware. ACM Transactions on Graphics,, 2003

Mitosis and Meiosis Essay

AbstractThere are two types of atomic division, mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is usually used for the growth and backup man of somotaic cells, while meiosis produces the gametes or spores used in an organisms reproduction.HypothesisMitosis occurs in whitefish blastula and onion plant root tip, and it is easily observable. Meiosis and mark over occurs in the production of gametes and spores.MaterialsThis lab required prepared slides of whitefish blastula, onion root tips, ovary, and testis, a microscope, and chromosome kit. The prepared slides of whitefish blastula and onion root tips, ovary, and testis were observe under the 10x and 40x objectives.Mitosis is easily observed in cells that are growing at a rapid pace such as whitefish blastula or onion root tips, which was used in this lab experiment. The root tips contain and area called the apical meristem that has the highest percentage of cells undergoing mitosis. The whitefish blastula is formed directly after the egg is fertil ized. This is a period of rapid growth and numerous cellular divisions where mitosis can be observed. In mitosis the cell is in interphase, and have a distinct nucleus and nucleoli where the rationalize threads of chromatin thicken into distinct chromosomes and the nuclear evvelope breaks open releasing them into the cytoplasm. The firs signs of the spindle begin to appear, next the cell begins metaphase, where the spindle attaches to the Centromere of each chromosome and moves them to the selfsame(prenominal) level in the middle of the cell. This level position is called the metaphase plate. Anaphase begins when the chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles, then the final stage is telophase. The nuclear envelope is reformed and the chromosomes in stages uncoil. Cytokinesis may occur, in which, a cleavage furrow will form and the two daughter cells will separate.Meiosis is more complex and involves two nuclear divisions. The two divisions are called Meiosis I and Mei osis II and they result in the production of four haploid gametes. This address allows increased genetic summercater due to crossing over where genes can be exchanged. This process allows increased genetic variation due to crossing over where genes can be exchanged. The process , like mitosis, depends on interphase to replicate the DNA. Meiosis begins with Prophase I. In this stage, homologous chromosomes move together to form a tetrad and and synapsis begins. This is where crossing over occurs resulting in the recombination of genes. Metaphase I moves the tetrads to the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell, and Anaphase I reduces the tetrads to their original two stranded form and moves them to opposite poles. Telophase I then prepares the cell for its econd division. Meiosis II broadly speaking resembles mitosis except that the daughter cells are haploid instead of diploid. DNA replication does not occur in Interphase II, and prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase occ ur as usual. The only change is the identification number of chromosomes.ReferenceLabPaq, Englewood Co, 2008Raven, Johnson, Mason, Losos, and Singer. Biology 10th Ed., McGraw-Hill., New York, NY., 2014 http//faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%

DNA sequencing

Describe the limitations of traditional methods of Identifying bacteria. Traditional methods include judging by phenotypes characteristics. This could be a problem if two bacteria looked similar because they could easily be confused. Summarize the goal of each of the six parts of the lab. Sample Prep firstborn we need to extract the desoxyribonucleic acid from the bacterial wall PC Amplification Create millions of copies of the initial deoxyribonucleic acid PC purification Filter out DNA from primers and enzymes Sequencing Prep Run more PC to make copies of DNA at various lengths DNA Sequencing ecological succession machine runs gel electrophoresis to Identify nucleotides and determine sequence. Sequence Analysis Computer determines full DNA sequence which can be run and compared. Explain how fluorescent markers help determine a nucleotide sequence. individually nucleotide is assigned a certain color. Conclusion 1 How can scientists identify specific bacteria when they are amplify ing and studying the same region of DNA In each species? They can identify it because there are unique sequences for each species. If you take a sample and find the DNA of it you can thence compare it to the Donas of known bacteria to discover what bacteria the sample is from

Sales Management and Personal Selling Essay

To address your immediate need from Kendrick Foundation Company (KFC) for a price quote on Curl Metal Cushion Pads (Cushion pads or CMCP), it would be beneficial to establish a proper pricing strategy. It may alike be beneficial to not only consider the forgetful term, but also the potential long term pricing strategy for future consumers as well. To estimate the grade price or price premium, it is advis competent to keep in mind perceived value added propositions for your consumer. Also, as with most crossings, it is meaningful to set a tolerance digest based on potential pricing to customers to determine profitability of the overall product venture. Last but not least, immaterial competition should also be considered as a factor on your product price. First, based on the information given, relative pricing analysis open fire be performed utilizing information from consumer purchases of constituted pads. Based on the price paid for the conventional pads for each project, i t can be assumed the customer is willing and able to pay similar pricing for CMCP (assuming the same benefits are created for users).A higher value price can be created by emphasizing the additional features or benefits of utilizing CMCP versus the conventional pads. The main additional features include more efficient pile driving time and less required time for change (overall less agitate utilized), this value proposition can be estimated based on labor equal savings. In addition, CMCP are generally safer than the conventional pad, while the measurement of this value/benefit may be harder to measure, it is yet another selling point that could increase the price premium the customer is willing to pay for CMCP. For purposes of having a measured pricing strategy, the focus of this analysis is on labor time savings. Assuming the average cost per Real Hour is $63/Hour for labor (HBS curve Metal Inc Table A), and the willingness to pay for the material itself is same as what the customer paid for the conventional pads, the additional benefit from labor time saved (utilizing conventional pad as bench mark) can be considered cost savings to customers therefore, addition to customer perceived value.Table 1 Revenue analysis exhibits the cost to customerfor purchases of conventional padding (project based), this cost plus the labor cost savings switching from conventional pads to CMCP translates to an estimated per social unit customer value price for CMCP. With comparable data collected for the two test customers, the estimated value pricing is $765/pad (based on selling 6 pad sets) and $1,392/pad (based on selling 5 pad sets) for size 11 , and $339/pad (based on selling 6 pad sets) for size 11 Inch. This is evident of the upward price we can charge the customers, also, a differentiated price can be based on volume sold per set. To continue the flow of the discussion and to be conservative, we will assume the remain discussion pertains to selling sets of 6 or at the $765/Unit (11 Inch pad price) and $339/Unit (11 1/2 Inch pad price). Second, margin analysis is necessary to determine profitability based on the aforementioned customer value pricing.Table 2 Cost/Margin Analysis calculates the profitability per unit for short term (250 Units Production) and long term (500 Units Production), this analysis utilizes the estimated perceived value calculation along with prior information provided (HBS Curled Metal Inc Exhibit 6). Analysis is performed for the most popular sizing 11 inch pad, along with two other product lines to expand the production consideration. Result of the analysis concludes the 11 product is most profitable among the three products. In regards to your consideration of whether to expend $150K on permanent tooling, based on our analysis, it does result in higher profit margin than using your original equipment. However, this is given that there is enough customer demand to cover the cost of the additional tooling. Lastly, based on the analysis, COGS will also diminish as production increases even with the additional spend for equipment (comparison of 500 units vs. 250 units produced).With uncertainty on market demand, and with limited resources on marketing research efforts, I would talk over you to hold off on permanent tooling purchase until demand is more certain. Third, competitors and substitutable products could have an impact on product price. Since CMCP is the first of its kind to pull in the market, you will have first mover advantage, however, competitors could enter the market with a similar product and additional pricing strategies, such as rebates/discounts or changes to inclination price may need to be considered. While it is not a huge concern during product launch period, it should something to be cognizant ofin lawsuit the product proves to be profitable.Further analysis should be performed to ensure maximum customer price value is captured. Based on the aforementioned information, I would point focusing efforts on the 11 inch CMCP and charging the customers upwards of $765/Unit (based on selling sets of 6 pads) and $1,392/Unit (based on selling sets of 5 pads). In the short run, I would advise not to purchase the additional permanent tooling cost until there is more certainty around the demand for the product. In the long run, with proved sales records, the company can benefit from additional operational efficiencies from higher volume production. If you have any further questions regarding this, please do not veer to reach out to me.

Teenagers Perception of Birth Control and Abortion

Research Report Executive Summary (Summary or Abstract) The aim of this report was to investigate cleaning woman teenager about Teenagers science of descent control and abortion. So, this is the big problem in Thailand beca manipulation abortions be illegal in Thailand, remain common and an most-valuable public health termination for women in Thailand. Which results from awaken without protected. So thats the big problem of women, and the purpose of this research is how teenage women think and awareness of stock control and abortion.We are conclusion who ease up been a sex, then what did you do if you signififannyt while you studying. How do you do and how you solve this problem. Introduction The dictionary defines birth control as a regimen of one or more actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of a woman beseeming heavy(predicate). Birth control has become imperative in todays world, due to the global rise in population, need for family planning and also to safeguard oneself from discarded pregnancy.There are various modes of birth control that one stool come after, including the withdrawal method, or coitus interruptus barrier methods like condom, diaphragm, cervical cap or contraceptive frig around chemical methods like contraceptive pills, contraceptive patch, or the progesterone-only pill (POP) intrauterine methods fertility awareness methods and more. Other than the preventive methods, one can also adopt abortion methods like surgical abortions, chemical abortions and herbal abortifacients to end unwanted pregnancies.Some permanent birth control solutions are surgical sterilization, which includes tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. According to records of the department of Health, each year 10,000 students under the age of 15 mystify become pregnant in Thailand. An age-old issue of students premature pregnancy and their legal skilful to compulsory program l ine attracts much controversy, primarily if its related to early teen pregnancy. By and large teenage girls slangt intend to get pregnant. They just lack bread and butters dwell.By denying them education, it isnt just punishing them, which is wrong both looks, but a punishment for their tikeren and families alike. They give already been punished by having to look after a child at such(prenominal) young age, but to cut short their educational opportunity One can argue that the current policy of expelling pregnant teenage students is a suckst the law, as Thailand is signatory to the convention on the rights of the child. Still, a Students Pregnancy Bill proposed by the Thai government draws a hot debate.A draft billhook intends to give pregnant students the legal right to take maternal leave and continue their studies after giving birth. Literature Review These changes have been accompanied and underpinned by urbanisation, westernisation, moderation of cultural and religious no rms, and the expansion of Thailands infamous sex industry. A substantial (and largely undeveloped) rural economy remains (details of sources available from authors on request). informal health is an increasingly important public health issue. nd In a recent cross-sectional survey, 43% of Thai girls aged 17 old age or younger reported having intimate intercourse one in five of these reported this experience as coercive, and one in four became pregnant. 5 Other studies in Thailand have documented increasingly early versed debut, low rates of contraceptive use by adolescents, a growing consequence of HIV and other sexual transmitted diseases in young hoi polloi, rising rates of teenage pregnancy and illegal abortion, and the exchange of sex for money or gifts. and These trends are similar to those in other countries in transition and worldwide.Even if you use nearly other methods of birth control, condom is the king. Condoms not only prevent pregnancy, they are the only solution that protects against sexu every(prenominal)y transmitted diseases. Just in case of new romantic sexual encounters you meet that perfect person, and get caught in the instigate of the moment. Condoms also protect you (and potentially your partner) from urinary and vaginal infections. Although, condoms are commonly available almost everywhere, keep in mind that selection and quality whitethorn be limited.Abortions, According to the Thai law (in effect since 1956), abortions are illegal in Thailand, except for the girls under the age of 15 or with a stark illness, and when the pregnancy threatens the womans health or results from rape or incest. Yet de facto, the abortion law is rarely enforced, and illegal abortions remain common and an important public health issue for women in Thailand. There is evidence of wide public stand out led by womens groups, medical and legal professionals for the reform of abortion laws to widen the circumstances under which an abortion is legal.Abort ion Policy and Practices in Thailand, Some medical professionals more or less discretely advertise for abortion business, but numerous abortionists are untrained, which commonly leads to the dreadful consequences. So, abortion in Thailand is de jure legal only when it is involveed indispensable to protect a womans health or in case of rape. at a lower place the recently revised (but yet published) abortion regulations issued by the Medical Council of Thailand, the term health includes mental, emotional and physiological considerations as well as physical conditions.The determination that a woman qualifies for a legal abortion under that criteria can only be made by a medical doctor license in Thailand. This determination (and, if positive, the abortion procedure) can be done at any hospital, private or government. Though, private hospitals with religious affiliations may chose not bid that service. In early pregnancy, it can also be done at one of the umteen low cost clinics operated by the Thai NGO commonwealth Community Development Association (PDA). For cost estimates, contact the hospital or clinic of your choice.Just remember that they forget not tell you if they will be able to consummate the procedure until the woman has met with a doctor. Research Methodology In this study, we will research about perception of birth control and abortion for teenagers. We are going to find the sources by giving questionnaire and interview. The surveys target group is a woman teenager. In this survey, we will ask 50 women in capital of Thailand University and also 50 teenage women in Bangkok. So the total number of participant is 100 women. This number is large enough to say that the information is accurate.So we will collect the data from 100 women to get a result how teenage women in Thailand think and awareness of birth control pill and abortion. Results/Findings There were 50 women in Bangkok University an also 50 teenage women in Bangkok. So, ask them ab out how teenage women think and awareness of birth control and abortion. A segmentation of the responses is qualitative question, so well ask them like a questionnaires form. Have you received any sex education or learned about sex beforehand you actually have sex? Where did you learn it from? Do you think sex education is important?A lots of peck told that, sex education is necessary for teenage for save health and avoid social accident, its very much importance to give sex education to young people. Population can be control by sex education there should be hold public awareness about sex education. Youths should be given the sex and contraceptive knowledge for their future. How much do you know about Birth Control? One of the toughest finales that a lot of teens are whether to have sex if people decide to have sex, it means they must also take responsibility to protect themselves from unknowledgeable pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.The most effective way to preve nt pregnancy is abstinence. Couples who do decide to have sex can choose from many effective birth control methods. Do you use any birth control methods? What are they? Please explain. Average of women use any birth control methods including condom and birth control pills make them safe sex, such as the use of male or female condoms, can also help prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Do you think birth control is important? Why? The take up choice that you can make for yourself is not to have sex until you are ready.Even if you have had sex in the past, you can still choose not to have sex until you are ready. You have a right to choose for yourself if you are being pressured or forced to have sex, it is importance that you talk an adult you trust about what is going on. What will you do if you accidentally get pregnant? Each individual will have different feelings, thoughts, be in a different point in life, etc. There simply is no correct answer for everyone. It depends on personally abortions, dont have the income to support a child, and feel its unfair to bring a child into the world if it wont have a good living.What do you think about an abortion? Some think that abortion is WRONG But some women think that abortion should be a decision that a mother should make for herself. We believe that being pro-choice is a good thing. We wouldnt want anyone telling me what to do with my impair and we dont think women should be forced to feel that abortion is murder. A right to choose is a very important right. Do you consider an abortion as one of the options when you get unwanted pregnancy? Why? Women face unplanned pregnancies every year. If you are deciding what to do about an unplanned pregnancy, you have a lot to think about.Where youre thinking about having an abortion, youre helping a women decide if abortion is right for her, or youre just curious about abortion, you have many hear woman ask when considering abortion. What do you think is the best solution after getting unwanted pregnancy? gaint have sex is the best way, condoms is second. If the guy doesnt want to wear one then he is not a great choice to have sex with? Youre too young to get your tubes tied dont do it yet. May best advice to you is sincerely not to have sex get yourself together first. I know firsthand on this.Ask yourself before you have sex if I get pregnant by this guy what type of dad would he be, and will be able to deal with him for the rest of my life. Discussion According to the data that we have corrected, many women have different thoughts among the birth control and abortion. Some of them have same opinions but some are different. Therefore, most of the women that we had questionnaire thinks that sex education is important for all the teenage in Thailand today. By giving them knowledge about sexual education, they can prevent from unwanted pregnancy and transmitted disease causes by sexual relationship.Also we can decrease abortion ra te in Thailand. A lot of woman seems like they have aware that they should use birth control method when they have relationship with their partner. They said they must have responsibility and need to talk with partner about it before. Most of them are disagreed with unplanned pregnancy. Because some people are do not have enough income to raise their baby after giving a birth. They cannot take care of their baby and they might experience a hard time with a child and they will not able to make them happy. So some women think that abortion is the one of the decision that women can chose for their life.If they dont think that they can raise their baby and make them happy, abortion can be one of a good decision. Of course, some of them are think that abortion is wrong and we shouldnt do it, because of religious reason or thought that it is refer as killing people. At last, the best solution for prevent unwanted pregnancy problem is not to have a sex, condom is a second. It is true that if you dont have a sex you wont get pregnant. Some of them said that you shouldnt have a relationship with a partner that not willing to support unwanted pregnancy.If your partner refused to use birth control methods then you should reconsider about your partner. This problem is not about only yourself, its about you and your partner. Dont forget that you can chose your partner and try to seek for a good one before have relationship. Conclusion The knowledge of sexual education should be gain in Thailand. Teenage in Thailand seems to know about birth control and they know that they should use them when they have sexual relationship, but they dont really aware of unwanted pregnancy or abortion.So to gain the knowledge about abortion, the school needs to put more effort for sexual education in their class and give more knowledge that what will happen if you dont use birth control protection and when woman get pregnancy and effect for woman by abortion. To avoid the unwanted pregnancy, we should let teenage know the importance of birth control methods and persuade them to use if they think they are still too young to have a baby or not ready to have a baby yet. Recommendations * To gain and put more effort to teach the knowledge about sexual education in schools. Make an event or campaign related to birth control method and let people aware to use birth control methods. * To let people know more about abortion, such as how the abortion affect women afterward. References Article Source http//EzineArticles. com/206651 http//ezinearticles. com/? An-Introduction-To-Birth-Controlid=206651 http//www. th4u. com/abortions. htm http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/10/05/study-free-birth-control-abortion-rate_n_1942621. html http//www. dailymail. co. uk/health/article-1238612/Girls-using-abortion-birth-control. html http//www. abort73. com/abortion_facts/which_birth_control_methods_cause_abortion/

Extracting Dna from Human Cheek Cells

The probable reason for the tinted brown shade in the man epithelial deoxyribonucleic acid and not the strawberry desoxyribonucleic acid is that kind-hearted epithelial desoxyribonucleic acid is pull ined from superstars mouth in which there rear end be many germs that could change the color of the original DNA. Furthermore, in order to avoid these germs from affecting the human epithelial cell DNA greatly, the experimenter is only asked to rinse their mouth with distilled weewee while in truth, retributive a rinse with distilled water does not eradicate all possible germs that could be living in ones cheek cells.However, some probably factors for why the strawberry DNA and the human epithelial DNA were so similar Is because both Dana were extracted apply the same methods. For Instance, In both experiments detergent and grain alcohol were used to severalize the DNA from the nucleus and proteins Inside the cells. Thus, although there are many differences and similarities bet ween the strawberry and human epithelial DNA, in the end they both had the characteristic of being standstill and clumpy. There were mans move to this experiment.The major steps in this process of DNA extraction begin with rinsing the experimenters mouth with plain water, then using a toothpick to scratch the inside of the cheek, and then rinsing the mouth again but this time with distilled water which is eventually spit into a cup. The reason this step is conducted is because it cleans the experimenters mouth so that germs are limited from ingress the cup and detaches the cells Inside the experimenters cheek. Making them easily come out along with the spit Into the cup In the end.Once this step Is over, the spit In the cup is transferred to a testing tube, ml of detergent reply Is added, and the test tubule Is mixed. The spit Is transferred to the test tube because it makes the spit easier handle. Furthermore ml of detergent, also called DEBT solution, is added to the test tubu le to help rest down the cellular and nuclear membranes of the cells in the spit, thus making the DNA more accessible. Finally, this new solution is mixed so that the DEBT solution is mixed well into the original spit and has caused almost all of the nuclear and cellular membranes to break down.Once these steps are over, ml of ethanol is added to the solution and after waiting for bit 3 to 5 legal proceeding, the DNA mountain be extracted with an inform loop. The reason ethanol is added to this solution is because ethanol breaks the DNA apart from the other organelles inside the cell and does not allow the DNA to dissolve since DNA Is not soluble In alcohol. By not allowing the DNA to dissolve, after the 3 to 5 minutes wait, the DNA will automatically be visible near the top of the solution Inside the ethanol since the DNA cease no longer mix with any of the other organelles.Thus, the wait is essential since it gives the DNA time to become visible and once it is, the e seen a nd touched by the experimenter. With this, the experiment is concluded and the experimenter burn decide what they wish to do with their DNA. This procedure was effective in several ways. For example, the DEBT solution and the ethanol were passing important to this experiment and were very effective in separating the DNA so that it was clearly visible towards the end. However, one way this experiment can be improved is by using plastic pliers to extract the DNA at the end of the experiment instead of the inoculating loop.This suggestion would be ore effective since with the inoculating loop there is a lower probability of extracting the DNA successfully than with the plastic pliers. This is because the DNA can gaucherie out of the inoculating loops loop while it is highly unlikely that the DNA will slip out of the plastic pliers grasp. Therefore, although this experiment was passing effective, one adjustment that could be made is to replace the inoculating loop with plastic plie rs. To conclude, there are many applications in the world where this experiment could be extremely important. One example is law and villainy.In court, Just as engineering can be an extremely useful tool in finding the true culprit, using the DNA found at the crime scene can be equally as important. This is because each persons DNA is unique and unlike anyone elses. This can quickly identify who the true culprit is in court and also be extremely instrumental in the field of science and genetics as well. This is because DNA is the instructions to life and by perusing this DNA, scientists and researchers can soon find ways to not only manipulate but enhance human life. Thus, it can be seen that this experiment can be useful in many different handle of study in todays society.

Communication Accommodation Theory

parley trying on opening ( zany) states that community adjust their colloquy to opposites due(p) to various reasons earnk for listeners thanksgiving, maintain positive fond identity element and wanting to make parley efficiency. According to Giles, plenty deposit their speeches and behaviors to a greater extent to the people they ground attracted to and who stand more(prenominal) convertible beliefs and attitudes with them. Giles suggested that people use perception and evalution in conversations, which means people observe and interpret message forwards they decide how to act in a conversation.Moreover, people who has a lower social status is oft more akinly to accommodate to and guided by people who be from higher social status. muckle likewise perform their behaviors according to norms and appropriateness, where they try to r to each one the expectations of behaviors in conversations. CAT suggests several authoritys when people adapt during conversations take onnce, divergence and overaccommodation. throng may adjust themselves in order to highlight similar behaviors to separates or distinguish themselves from others.Convergence is a strategy employ to adapt anothers behaviors. Usually people converge toward stereotypes. variant is used to emphasize differences between communicators. It is a way to maintain ones social identity and power status. overaccommodation means to overdo in regulating to others even acting from healthy intentions. What Giles suggested in the possibleness is more than notwithstanding proveing us the reason we accommodate or Not accommodate to others in conversations. People use these tactics in order to maintain their social identities and statuses.It is especially all-important(a) to minorities, whom are always expected to adjust to the mainstream. This theory make them realize what they have been doing unconsciously and what created unjustice in society. Another phenomenon that the theory has s uggested is that people some clocks over-accommodate in order to fit in a free radical. People try to be someone who they are not even partly similar. Learning this theory world power allow them to realize it might not be a good idea to overly adjust.Communication accommodation theoryTheory Theory of Communication trying on Keenness State university Melinda Sykes Communication trying on Theory 2 Introduction Verbal behavior is an active lifestyle that individuals use to convey messages. This are of communication involves a multitude of approaches, both In a behavioral sense precisely to a fault a social psychological approach. Our behavior alters our environment with or with come in our permission. Therefore, speech is an integral part of the communication accommodation theory because pitch. Illume. Tone and many others s said to cause a shift in ones behavior. In 1987, Giles & Wingman explained communication accommodation as a theory that examines underlying motivations and co nsequences of shifts In verbal behavior. This theory attempts to explain why people accommodate or adjust to anothers speech and the need to gain approbation or maintain social identity with whom they are speaking with. The theory assumptions are that perceptions of anothers speech jockstrap Individuals to evaluate and behave towards that person.The determination of this paper Is to discuss the development of the theory by reviewing inquiry tested and or extending the theory. More Importantly, the paper will develop an overall evaluation of the theory strengths, weakness and heuristic program potential. Both speech crossway and divergence, they magnify the movement toward or away from the speech style of the other. And instruct that it is ultimately motivated by an assumption close the others speech (Giles, Mullah, Abroad, & Johnson, 1987).These strategies give great reference and perceptiveness of the accommodation principle in communication. Communication Accommodation Th eory 3 Convergence and divergence are strategies that give light on the reasons why individuals adapt to one anothers speech rate. Convergence indicates that individuals adapt to each other by slowing d consume or speeding up speech rate, lengthening or shortening pauses and utterances, and utilise certain forms of politeness, tag questions and verbal intensifiers in their speech (Infants, Rancher, & woman, 2003).Divergence refers to the way speakers accentuate frank and linguistic differences to underscore social differences between speakers (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Though the strategies differ linguistically they are the same in concept. They are unconnected in the sense the strength of a single response may be, and usually is a function of more than one variable and a single variable usually affects more than one response (B. F. Skinner, 1957). Street and Giles scoop upd that divergence is generally used when others are ingredients of undesirable groups or hold dis tasteful attitudes (1982). Ultimately, we converge with others in interaction if they are powerful and we want to be like them. We diverge from others in interaction if it is important for us to highlight a separate and distinct identity (Miller, 2005). Over time, researchers have examined the area of gender and communication. The research has lead to an envisioning that individuals classify according to gender taste rather than biological sex (Virginia Wheelers, 1984). The research uncovered that feminine and undifferentiated individuals were more accommodating than masculine.The research runs along the same parallel that feminine language is viewed as more considerate cooperative, helpful and bowing (Stewart, Stewart, Cooper, & Friendly, 1996). This issue is heuristic in the sense is has brought about the research of sound p specify. Communication Accommodation Theory 4 Bambini B. Speechifies, author and scientist researched sound play and described it as vocal/verbal activity of a single speaker, more importantly used between young children and captures (Ochs & Sheffield, 1983).In these exchanges, children pay attention to the phonological make of one anothers utterances and repeat or modify slightly a sequence of sounds Just produced. The study has been inform in a number of different cultures. Speech crossroad is expressed during sound play. The approval of the mother or the childs adjustment gains satisfaction for one another. These results suggest that similarity in speech and tone decide perceptions of a relationship and gains overall approval. The study sight the use of sound play, convergence and divergence in the workplace as well.The method was simple observation through the use of office cameras and role play. The purpose was to observe the amount of times the trio strategies mentioned above were used and by what gender. The results of the study results of women showing convergence almost in all cases that presented themselves. Their spe ech in terms of pitch, volume and tone were all demonstrations that ran egregious with the implied hypotheses. The women showed signs of beingness more considerate, understanding and submissive.Their tone and volume were reported to be lower and reckoned more empathetic to whom they were speaking with. While the men seemed very consistent with their regular speaking tones in the midst of disaster or casual conversation. More actions of divergence were shown by the male participants. Communication Accommodation Theory 5 Instances were numerous on the part of correcting others verbal expressions and used more extensive Jargon in the workplace. inquiry has base that stereotypes continue to show the relevance and authenticity of the convergence and divergence strategies.For display case, blind persons report individuals who run with them tend to shout or exaggerate behaviors unrelated to their ability to see. Nurses use baby talk to the transfer elderly, regardless(prenominal) of the individuals capabilities (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Another example would be the tendency of individuals to yell or express exaggerated movements to persons who throw outnot hear. look into has been evaluated with gender playing a role in speech convergence and divergence. Society as attached norms that inhibit the expectancy of speech from women and men.Even womens speech exhibits marked differences compared to the speech of men, provided that women use more polite expressions and seem to adopt standard forms, while the latter tend to exercise their right to do as they see fit (Miller, 2005). Society norms have provided the eudaemonia of men using divergence and women more commonly using convergence to gain approval for satisfaction. As Robin Alaska once said, women collude in their own mastery by the way they speak. Speech divergence in the use of metaphors in literature, in that the message used in his kind of form is accessible only to those who are conversan t with the code.In this way, members of certain groups or communities can hold up walls. On one hand, exclude the ones who cannot penetrate the mind of the speaker or the writer, but on the other, help cultivate intimacy and a sense of community. Communication Accommodation Theory 6 Communication accommodation theory is a very practical and easy to understand concept. For the reason, we all have experienced the convergence and divergence experience. Either, we were the initiator or the responder. The theory embellishs its opportunity to be tested and observed to gain further extensive research.With test having been conducted and both positive and negative feedback reported, both are good for a theory. It shows legitimacy that the theory is Just that but it also shows some relevance and true findings for the theory. This being said it makes the theory heuristic. Further research, observations, testing and extensions can be produced from this theory. In addition, the theory meets the scientific standards of report of the result, twin objectives of scientific knowledge (Griffin, 1991, p. 34). It maintains a simplistic concept and is easy to understand.Having a theory that is testable and conks populate for growth and further expansion rigs it in the category of credible, substantial theories. A weakness in the communication accommodation theory is that it leaves many questions unanswered. Questions such as the long term changes in behavior and where to gull the line of empathy and the theory are where the theory can be unclear (Infants, Rancher & Hammock, 2005). In order for individuals to understand the difference between the accommodation theory and empathy, they would have to eave the same definition and perception of what empathy is.Communication Accommodation TheoryCAT- American History X In this paper, I will use CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory) to explain how convergence, divergence, and intergroup cutaneous senses are illustrated within the film American History X. Convergence in CAT refers to the accommodativeness, the process concerned with how we both reduce and magnify communication differences between people in interaction. talking about convergence, people tend to enhance interpersonal similarities and reduce uncertainties. The effect of converging towards or well-nigh to another can increase liking and enable him or her to be seen more competent and credible.It includes switch to the others language or dialect, or assuming the same level of the others interruptions, speech rate, posture and so forth. When engaging conversation, if the individuals or in-group identity is viewed more than the out-group identity, there will be convergence and higher communication relational satisfaction. In the film American History X, there are several examples help to illustrate the concept of convergence Firstly, the attitude and the way of thinking towards Derek are mildew by his father who is being murdered and killed by tw o black people during his duty as a firefighter.In one of the flashbacks in the film, Dereks family gathered near at the dinner table, Derek mentions his black teachers, give chase Sweeney, who assigned the class to read a book which is written by an African American author. Dereks father disapproval the book because he is personally having dissatisfaction about his job with two black people got approved to his team. He explains the facts of how the black people in their society and neibourhood would threaten their life and verbally assume Derek is supporting his point of view. All these influences Derek later on his father died.He starts to believe that the problems of the society is all race related. Started from that point, Derek strongly stereotypes his ethnic identity because of his fathers prejudices towards the minorities in his society and the reason for his fathers death. His convergence mixed with stereotyping leads to over accommodation which is viewed as disrespectfu l to his whole family both verbally and nonverbally. Second example of convergence is another flashback in the movie. Derek along with his brother Daniel and girlfriend Stacey gathered a large group of white racism gangs in the parking lot.Derek was having a speech to the whole group about the forward-looking immigration and unfairness about the distribution on the resources towards whites and other ethics. by and by the speech, they destroyed a securities industry which the owner is an Asian. They almost broke everything in the store and beaten up the people inside. The whole actions show that the group of white gangs is trying to show their strong social power to those who has lower power in the society. Besides, the group of white gangs tends to converge to signal their common ethnic and social identities.In another flashback scene, when Derek was in the prison, he tried to find the group who has the similarity with him base on the tattoo on his body. He lay down and worked ou t in the area where the others ethic prisoners were staying and he threaten them away. Finally he found the group and he is one of the in-group members. Here Derek tends to converge as he wants to gain approval by a group of people with similarity in the prison. He also wants to develop a close-set(prenominal) relationship with the other members in his in-group that he didnt meet before.After three years, Derek arrays released from the prison. Daniels appearance changes to a younger version of Derek, with shaved headed and tattoo. Derek seems to be frustrated about the tattoo on Daniels offshoot as he thought it would be a bad idea for Daniel to follow his steps and get involved all those racism stuffs. But Daniel says I thought you would like it Daniel tends to converge to gain approval and trust from his brother, he tends to develop a closer relationship with him as long as he thought they are sharing the common social identities.Divergence in CAT refers to non-accommodativene ss, to magnify the communicative differences. Divergence occurs when individuals desire to represent their in-group identity above others desire. It serves as a distinction to preserve dialect or vocabulary. Members of different ethnic groups often accentuate their identities by diverging from one another both verbally and nonverbally. Divergence can be particularly intense if people feel their identity is threatened and that the other group has historically and illegitimately discriminated against them.If a person accommodates an out-group member in this situations, that person is named as ethnic traitor. If the out-group identity is more noticeable than the in-group or individual identity, there will be divergence less satisfaction. Here are some examples help to illustrate the concept of divergence When Derek was in the prison, he found his in-group member. Everything is going well till one day Derek find out one of the prisoner in-group member trade with a Mexican American ethi c group member. He is disappointed and had never adjudge the possibility of his in-group member could do wrong.He shows his disapproval towards that members action nonverbally and walked away. In the coterminous few days, Derek reveals to sit with his in-group for meals and he didnt show any respect to his in-group. He started to play basketball with the other out-groups instead of gather with his in-group. By then, he offended the groups leader of his own in-group and they turned on him and gang raped him in the shower. At showtime, Derek diverges from his in-group due to the actions of the member trading with the other out-group member. He thinks that is no different with cultural traitor.Then his in-group members disapproval towards his demeanor, the gang raped accident happened to increasing the divergence. When he was attacked by those he once considered members of his in-group, Derek makes up his mind to leave the group after that as he thinks his social identity is being raped out because he had believed that could only be perpetrated by out-groups. After Derek is released from the prison, he went back to the party held by Cameron, who used to convince Derek to lead several violent acts. He starts off a fight with him due with the issue about his brother Daniel.Derek blames Cameron is the one who giving them so overmuch trouble and asked Cameron to leave them alone. Derek tends to diverge from his in-group to signal his disapproval towards Camerons actions and demeanors. He thinks Cameron is trying to put Daniel into hardship like him. Derek broke up with his girlfriend Stacey in that same party. Derek was trying to tell Stacey to leave the group with him together, but Stacey disagree as she thought Derek is in a popular position at that time and she personally doesnt think there is any problem with the group. They turn out to be enemy.They tend to diverge to signal relational dissatisfaction, Stacey think Derek changes a lot after he gets out from the prison and she thinks he loses his reputation because of what he did to her. In one of the flashbacks in the film, Dereks family was gathering around with a Jewish man at the dinner table. They talked about the revolution which an Asian market was being destroyed, happened before when Derek, Daniel and Stacey were involved. The Jewish man has different point of view toward the whole racism activity with three of them. Derek started the get mad in the middle of the meal.He thinks that the Jewish man is trying to get sexual benefit from his mother and he is a hater for Derek. Derek rudely asked him to get out of the support and never step into his house again. Derek tends to diverge as he wants to signal the relational dissatisfaction towards his mother and the Jewish also he wants to rule out toward his actions in his house, being a hater for Derek. Intergroup contact theory indicates the perceptions of an out-group will change consistent with the perceptions one holds regardi ng a relationship one has with a member of that out-group.Intergroup communication also maximized the presence of their group and will sometimes leads to a dissatisfied relationship. Here are some examples from American History X helps to explain the intergroup contact theory During the work in the prison, Derek was assigned to work with an African American man who named Lamont. At first Derek refused to talk to him because of his strong stereotyping but Lamont was always trying to challenge Dereks deep-set stereotypes. Most of the time for Lamont, it is more likely a one-side conversation.Lamont worked around with Dereks racist attitude by talking about some common interests for example women and the reason they are in prison. Along with the conflicts happened between Derek with his in-group, Derek realizes that those of the other ethnicities were much more like himself than he had imagined before. They become friends afterwards and on the day that Derek got released, they met each other and Derek says to Lamont I think part of the reason that I could get out is because of you. Derek feels thankful to him. His strong stereotyping is lost.Another example is after Derek was being raped by his in-group member Derek was helpless and feels utterly alone. He lost his cultural identity to cling to and is not belongs to any of the groups. While he was staying in the medical room, his former African American English teacher, Bob Sweeny, came to visit him. Derek seeks helps from him. Bob was willing to help him and he helped him to see how his actions have abnormal his younger brother Daniel. These two examples show that Derek has changed his attitude towards an out-group after he tried to communicate with them. Stereotyping also reduces for Derek.He tends to have a positively relationship with the out-groups which is the aims of intergroup contact theory. American History X does not only explain the convergence, divergence and intergroup contact theory in CAT (Commu nication Accommodation Theory), but it also explains more theories in interpersonal and intercultural communication. Convergence, divergence and intergroup are all related to the communication between an in-group and out-group. The film helps to illustrate some facts that also happening in the real life that we have to face and most of the time, the way that we could deal with them is by communication.

Emotions Paper Essay

Emotions argon personal experiences that ar hard wired into every single world being on the planet. Yet, somehow people seem to have little control over them. after studying all the different kinds of emotions people can feel, I did a three mean solar twenty-four hour period inventory of the emotions I experienced. In this paper, I will discuss how hard or well-to-do it is to identify emotions and the methods I used to identify my emotions. I will analyze the types of emotions I felt up and whether they were immemorial or secondary. Were they the regular emotions I experience every day? Do I give in to any excited fallacies? How freely I expressage my emotions and what I have learned from doing this exercise. During the three day inventory, I sometimes had a hard time identifying the emotion I was feeling. I often had to refer back to the harken of different emotions.While I looked at the list of emotions, I tried to suppose about what I was feeling physiologi thinky duri ng that time. I examined my actions nonverbally and then cognitively I put a note on the emotion. For example, on the first day of my inventory I got woken up before eight in the morning by uncertain noises coming from my bathroom. When I opened the gateway to the bathroom, I found both(prenominal) of my kids laughing and splashing in the toilet using a toilet brush. The first emotion I know I felt at the time was annoyance that somebody woke me up so early. I recognized that due to cognitive interpretation. The second emotion I felt after opening the door to the bathroom was anger at my kids for playing in my bathroom even though they know better. I cognitively new it was anger because nonverbally I raised my voice, physiologically my heart rate and vivacious increased, and after I punished them I realized my hands were shaking. All of those signs led me to believe that I was annoyed and angry.Within three days I experienced eleven different emotions. Five of those emotions we re primary and six of the emotions were secondary. Determination, one of the secondary emotions I experienced was facilitative, because being determined made me want to return harder to finish the task I was doing. For example, when I was trying to do homework with my kids I was determined to transmit it beginnere, so I kept going until it was completed. Fear and anger were two emotions I experienced that ar debilitative because I had a hard time controlling my rational behavior. For example, I experienced hero-worship because a huge dog was loose at the park. For a minute I just froze and stared at it,not doing anything until my son saw it and started screaming.That got me to start thinking again and we left the park. The emotion of fear became debilitative for me because the dog was loose with no owner. If the dog was loose but had somebody with him my emotion of fear wouldnt have been as intense. To my surprise the emotions I experienced in the three days were generally in tense. come out of the closet of the eleven emotions I experienced, only three were mild. For example, on day one I felt blessed about taking the kids to grandpas house, but I wasnt so excited that I was jumping up and down. It was a mild happiness. An example of my intense emotion is when I got angry. On day one in the evening of day one my kids would not listen when told multiple times to separate up their toys. It got to the point that I raised my voice at them and my hands started shaking. Then I had to call my husband to intervene because I needed time to calm down.The emotions I experienced during the inventory were mostly typical. However, there were a couple of emotions that I dont experience often. One of the emotions I dont usually experience is being exhausted. Typically, I dont feel exhausted, especially in the afternoon. After examining why I felt that way I realized its because I was scratch to get sick. The next day, I felt another emotion I typically dont feel or experience often. I was trying to do homework and I felt downhearted because I was nauseas and I had a fever. Typically, when I do homework I feel motivated or excited that I am almost done. That same day in the evening I felt helpless which is also out of the ordinary for me. I felt that way because I had a ton of stuff I needed to do and I couldnt do any of it. My typical emotions during the day are happy, irritated, annoyed, proud, loved, determined, scared, and excited.Studying the subject of emotions and doing this inventory made me realize I have some fallacies I fly the coop to fall into almost every day. The first fallacy that applies to me is fallacy of approval. For example, when I go somewhere with my kids or husband and I have to choose what I am going to wear. I realized that a lot of the time it takes me up to an hour to decide because I want people to delight in of what I am wearing. The other fallacy that applies to me is fallacy of causation. For example, when my kids are playing the noise they make sometimes irritates me, because I want it to be quiet in the house. So, I say to them you guys are irritating me, or elseof taking responsibility and saying I am getting irritated with the loud noise.In my public opinion I dont express my emotions freely. No one has ever told me that I am easy to read or that my emotions show on my face. When in public I only show emotions that are appropriate. If I am angry at the person or upset with someone I tend to hide my emotion until I feel comfortable telling them. Most freely I express my emotions at home, because thats where I feel most comfortable. The least freely where I express my emotions are out in public, because of the fallacy of approval. It matters what people think of me.Doing this exercise has taught me that there are different kinds of emotions. special emotions are emotions that are hard wired into human beings, and secondary emotions make up primary emotions. I learned how to anal yze what emotion I am feeling. I dont think I have ever done that consciously before. It made me really think about my reactions, whats calamity in my body, and how I am feeling. I learned the valence of emotion. One emotion that you would usually think is negative can be both positive and negative. Also, I learned the word fallacy and how it relates to emotions. Last, I learned the difference between emotion and mood which I before I thought was the same thing.

What is This Divinity That Surrounds Us?

Should we embrace it or fear its intelligent design?In the poems, The Tyger by William Blake and Design by Robert Frost they marvel and fear this design, ultimately leaving the reader with more questions than answers. to individu alto institutehery unity poet portrays irony, figurative style, resource, and intelligent design while trying to understand God and and his creations. Lets explore the similarities between each poets poem, first beginning with imagery.The use of this particular animal and insects provides a vivid in depth analysis. This appeals to the readers senses to sustain them understand what the writer is trying to convey. Blakes statement, Burnt the fire of thine eyes, illustrates a sense of fear of the tiger. He wants to know by whom such a creature was created. Surely God would have not created something so feared.In the third stanza Blake asks, In what distant deep or skies. Deep in this sense we digest is world applied to the underworld. Frost states some thing similar to this, What but design of bleachedness to appall? The designer or immortal hand must have bad intentions because he seems to be associated with some sort of darkness.The imagery both(prenominal) poets left in my mind was the use of nature to illustrate there point. I could not help but to think the animals were a metaphor for humans. Some people live nice muted lives while others are are murders and rapists. How can both sets of people come from one God who is purely full of goodness?They are seeking to see if in some way Gods design is flawed but how can that be coming from a forebode being? The imagery can be seen as frightful soon enough beautifully realistic, and the delivery used to describe the animals are simplistic and powerful. Theres an emphasis on the animals power but at the same time this could be seen as Gods power being conveyed through this animal and insects.Ultimately, the violence and ferocity of the tiger and spider are vivid, terrifying, and has a deep, dark undertide to them.Figurative language is used by both poets as well. According to Websters dictionary, figurative language is a language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation.We see examples of this all throughout both poems. Starting with Blakes poem, it reads Tyger Tyger burning bright in the forest of the night. Here the tiger is not actually boring, its more so used as a metaphor to demonstrate its ferociousness, or it can also be seen as the tigers appearance.The yellowness of its eyes mixed with its orange fur in the night could remind one of fire. In design the word white is mentioned several times. This is unique because white is usually associated with good and purity, yet all throughout this poem it alludes to something dark and ugly. Like a white piece of rigid satin material, the spider holds up the moth as in some sort of victory it has obtained.The spider who is seen as evil has now triu mphed over the moth who is viewed as good. This ties back into that design is either flawed or has a dark side to it. Another place we see an example of this in the poem is when Frost states, On a white heal-all, holding up a moth. After doing some research I discovered a heal-all is actually blue in appearance and is known for its medicinal use.This demonstrates irony because the spider is preparing the moth for its death on something that is meant to heal. Later on in the poem, line ten, the heal-all is now blue. The wayside blue and innocent heal-all. Initially the poet dear describes the flower, here he proclaims its innocence, implying the flower had nothing to do with it being white.Therefore this was the work of its designer. Figurative language as well as irony is seen throughout both poems as a way to magnification and understand the poets expected value more vividly.Lastly, we come to intelligent design, which seems to be the overall theme of both poets. severally ques tions Gods purpose from a Christians viewpoint.They ask a series of questions seeking to find or understand this divine design seen in nature. To the readers dismay though, the questions go unanswered. The questions are only presented, I believe it was left up to the reader to truly seek, in a philosophical way, the answers to the questions.The real philosophical question seems to be, Why? Did all these events happen by chance or did a complex entity bring it all about? We get the sense from each poet that there is a higher being behind the spider and the tiger, be he deems to be far to complex for our understanding.In conclusion, I leave you with a quote from Hamlet that draws into what I feel both poets were fundamentally trying to get at. There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. Just perhaps it is not our creator and his design who is flawed, but us from our outlook on nature that is flawed.

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay

Contemporary environmental ethics emerged as an academic discipline in the 1970s, as nature was the focus of much of the nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy. In the past thirty years society started the questioning and thinking of the descent of human beings with the natural environment. This reflected an already widespread perception in the 1960s that the twentieth century go about a population time bomb and a serious environmental crisis. The commercial farming practices squeeze environmental and public health concerns.The chemicals procedured in farming on the crops ar harmful and could come upon health problems for society. This is an estimable issue when they know that harm can humans but making a profit comes first. On the other hand we now know that they are harmful and the governing body is act to regulate the chemicals used. I believe it works in some instances but not with every matchless. Discovered in 1968, by Stanford ecologist, Paul Eehrlich, warned that the growth of human population and viability of planetary life support systems are in trouble.Pollution is due to the overuse of our capacities. The government attempts to reach a common ground and change how areas are populated. They regulate what we build and how far apart we can. They also fox wildlife preserves to protect animals from extension. They also demonstrate sure that protected trees are left and they also keep certain animal species protected. They are perceive the over population and starting to see that we contract to do to keep our population free of overpopulation.In the past our society either turned a deaf eye or did not merely know the consequences of what was happening in society. If we keep the idea and ethics in the environment we will incur a huge change in society. Animal rights activist are concerned about the rights of animals. I do believe that animals should have rights to but I also feel that in rats and other rodents we need testing to hel p save some lives. If we did not use them then we would not find cures for cancer, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and many other life threatening diseases.If we do not use animals then what do we use? In the past this was not a concern because it did not raise such an environmental good issue. Today we know more and many more bulk are concerned of what happens to them and why we are using animals. I feel that we should use animals instead of humans. Humans are also used in studies and things happen to them retributory like animals. I feel that this is not ethical. I know that sometimes they use a placebo and then a drug that could save a persons life. What if you were the one that got the placebo?Would that make you and your family feel satisfactory knowing that something could have saved your life? I was personally involved in an environmental ethical issue where I lived. It was a highly published case that really caused a lot of inclination in the news and with society. I lived off of Marlee, which was about a mile away from the area of contamination. The government did know that the chemicals were being dumped and covered up. After many years of covering it up, it came out in the news. It multifariousness of reminded me of the movie with Julia Roberts Erin Brocovitch.Everyone was located and had meetings to discuss the health problems that the people that grew up along there had been experiencing. Myself being one of them, having cysts on my ovaries at 9 years of age. I knew so many people who died from cancer at an early age. I was friends with many people who had miscarriages. It was very bad time in our lives and devastating that the people had to suffer because someone wanted to save money. I can promise you one thing that the union paid a lot more after the fact then they would have if they disposed of the nullify properly.I know that the peoples life expectancy in the neighborhood I lived in I nevertheless about 50-60 which is rater youn g. If our society would all do there part and not expect that is will just change itself we will live in an environmental ethical society. The new saying is think greenish and I have even been making sure not to print something unless absolutely needed. It is going to take an effort on al people not just some to change our society and make it a more environmental ethical place to live. Ruggiero, V. R. , (2008). Thinking critically about ethical issues. McGraw Hill. Boston.

Observe, Analyze and Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Observe, Analyze and Report - Term melodic theme ExampleDo boys relatively show more than risky behavior in shopping malls? be girls more conservative and do they wander about the mall a representation from their parents? What kinds of activities do boys and girls do trance their parents are shopping? One finally established the observation question as Do differences in gender affect the way children behave in shopping malls? The Observation One made the sign observation on a Saturday afternoon at about 400 p.m. There were lots of pile shopping in the grocery area and there was a small space where one could bewilder and view different people while observing. One noted that shopping was an activity done more by women than men. From ones observation, the composition of women at that time was roughly 80% of the shoppers, as compared to men. Of the 80% women who were shopping, about 30% brought their children on. Children who came with their parents (or mothers, most especially) ranged from different ages the youngest one saw was just about five to seven years of age and the eldest were teen-agers. Further, one likewise noted that women were most likely to bring along a companion, other than their children. Some women came with their husbands while the others took their friends or relatives along. The relatives could possibly be a sister or even their mothers. The next thing one noted was the general attire of the people who shopped. Mostly, the shoppers were donning casual clothes, with ladies eating away shirts of light materials and paired with shorts, pants or skirts. For men, most were wearing T-shirts and light jackets paired with shorts or pants. Children wore more diverse clothes in texture, colors and materials. Most young girls were wearing dainty and colourful shirts paired with shorts or pants while boys were generally in T-shirts and shorts. The footwear was more change for little girls. Some wore sandals, rubber shoes in pastel colors, walk ing shoes and canvas. Boys shoes were predominantly trainers, canvas and rubber shoes. Observing the activities therefore eventually focused on ones luff group the children. One observed that parents who shopped usually took with them one or two kids and one was featurely interested in noting any diversity with the way children behave in shopping malls, depending on gender. With both parents around, it could be noted that the childrens behavior were more controlled as they walked closely beside their parents. On the other hand, one detect that young boys were more curious and explorative that they tend to veer farther from their mothers. There were young boys decrepit between 8 to 10 years old who were running into peoples trolleys and playing hide and seek. One particular boy likes to run into a different aisle or walk a different way and then meet his mother further up in front. The only problem with that is the tendency to misjudge the direction and thereby, eventually end up somewhere else. There were instances when shopping clerks found young children missed and were announced in the shopping malls customer information center to be picked up by their parents. The difference between very young boys and girls being lost is that boys shout out for any their mom or dad while girls were found crying. Likewise, one noticed that young boys and girls were most matter to by the floor patterns and tiles that they found these