Gender Issues in Sri Lanka Essay

Gender issues In general, when considering third world countries, most would say that they have some very similar characteristics. Third world countries are often thought of as places that are impoverished, have significantly high birthrates, are economically dependent on advanced countries, and have not evolved socially in regards to equal rights issues. Although many of these characteristics do apply to Sri Lanka, the latter has definitely evoked some discussion on the topic of gender issues in underdeveloped countries. Issues such as decision making in the household, educated women and their role in society, and attitudes towards women in employment will be discussed. As stated earlier, most would agree that from a distant perspective Sri Lanka would seem to be socially underdeveloped in regards to equal rights. One way that this misconception is debunked is by looking at the roles of male and female in the household. There are many variables to take into consideration when looking at roles of family members and who has the balance of power; for instance, if the wife is working or not could be considered at both ends of the scale. If she is working than her husband may feel that because she is making a financial contribution she has more of a right to make important economic decisions that may effect the family. On the other hand he may feel as though her being away from the children is a detriment to their upbringing, and in turn is placing a burden upon the family leaving the wife with few domestic decisions. Another variable that has to be considered is if the residence is with the husband’s family or if it is with the wife’s family. In this case one would assume that whichever house was being resided in would have the balance of the say towards family decisions. The last variable that will be considered is that of marital duration. Does a longer marriage necessarily mean that the financial and domestic decisions of the household will become split evenly between the husband and wife? The answers to these questions were the focus of a study conducted by Anju Malhotra and Mark Mather in 1992. The study showed that when the wives were working, regardless of whether or not they shared their wages or kept them, they had an increase say on financial matters. However, the domestic decisions were not nearly as great, especially if the wages earned by the wife were kept for herself (Malhotra et al. 1997: 620). When looking at the balance of power in regards to household arrangement, the study found that the wife had almost no say on financial matters when living at the husband’s parents house but did have some say on domestic issues. The opposite it true for when the family resided at the wife’s parents house. The wife typically had a significant say on financial and domestic matters with the latter outweighing the two (Malhotra et al. 1997: 620). As far as marital duration is concerned, it seems as though as the family grows together there is somewhat of a role reversal. The husband becomes more concerned with domestic matters and the wife takes some responsibility for the financial decisions (Malhotra et al. 1997:620). These findings led my research group to believe that the people of Sri Lanka are generally very similar to those of western societies in regards to household decisions. Education is not something we think about when speaking about developing countries, many assume that it is just not an option for underprivileged people. Although that is the unfortunate truth that effects many third world countries, it does seem that Sri Lanka is on its way to recovering itself. For many years the gender gap between male and female scholars needed to be decreased. In the early 1980’s the percentage of the total amount of people with university degrees that were women was barely above 40%. A more alarming fact might be that the percentage with post-graduate degrees was barely above 25% (Ahooja-Patel K. 1979: 217). The majority of women pursuing a degree usually did so in the fine arts category or the education and teacher training fields, many staying away from disciplines such as business or engineering. Although these numbers may seem staggering Sri Lanka has shown some promise in terms of social welfare. Programs are now in place to encourage female education and to decrease the inequalities women face today. In the early 1990’s the gender gap between literate males and females was only a 5% difference (Malhotra et al. 1997: 602). Many believe that the more westernized Sri Lanka becomes the more independent the thoughts and wills of women will expand, creating a country of little inequality. Women in the work force today in western society face many barriers; this is after years of trying to refine the social economic status of women. In Sri Lanka, because of its poor economy, employers may have actual complaints that may affect the profitability of their business. In general in Sri Lanka, men are usually preferred over women as employees. Some employers complain that because of the possibility of the need for time off to bear children that it may disrupt the flow of the work force. Many men could feel as though women were being treated with undeserved favoritism, which could cause conflict. Others feel that the financial burden of having to install proper facilities to accommodate women could create too much of a loss that they would not be able to overcome it. The topic of most discussions seems to revolve around the Maternity Amendment Act of 1978, which states that women workers are entitled to six weeks maternity leave with pay. It also states that they are allowed two nursing breaks of one hour each or two breaks of one half hour each when a day care center is available (Ahooja-Patel K. 1979: 219). Women cannot, under the law, be fired for any reason that stems from them being pregnant. An unfortunate fact that is slowly being eradicated is that many women are just not qualified for the jobs that are available in Sri Lanka. Because of the gender gap in education and training that has plagued Sri Lanka for years this trend will surely continue until the inequality has subsided. In many ways Sri Lanka has come very far in terms of gender equality when discussing kinship and education. However, women’s economic situation has shown to be less favourable. The people of Sri Lanka acknowledge that women have a place in the work force but financially cannot accommodate them. Until the economic growth of Sri Lanka can develop further, people will continue to have the ‘survival of the fittest’ kind of attitude, which will continue to alienate and repress the women or Sri Lanka.

Man vs. Machine Essay

Since the yearly Fifties science fiction movies have depicted robots as very sophisticated machines built by humans to perform complex operations, to work with humans in safe critical missions, in hostile environments, or more often to pilot and control spaceships in galactic travels. At the same time, however, intelligent robots have also been depicted as dangerous machines, capable of working against man through wicked plans. In the Terminator the view of the future is even more catastrophic: robots will become intelligent and self-aware and will take over the human race. The dual implication often accredited to science fiction robots represents the clear look of desire and fear that man has towards his technology. From one hand, in fact, man projects in a robot his wild desire of immortality, holds in a powerful and indestructible artificial being, which intellective, sensory, and motor capabilities are much more amplified than that of a normal man. On the other hand, however, there is a fear that a too advanced technology can get out of control, acting against man. The Terminator saga is not just a collection of Terminator, and T2. Instead the saga is one of a continuing storyline that in many ways has spanned all of man’s existence. Machines and technology have always presented temporary change and adversity for man to overcome. A machine may simplify a process but take away the livelihood of a few. From the days of horse drawn carriage drivers fearing being replaced by a key turned automobile, to today’s computer controlled manufacturing environments; workers have always feared of being replaced by â€Å"machine†. The strength of the Terminator movies is the singular humanoid T-800 Terminators one of which is played by Arnold Schwarzenegger. Clothed in armor, with the human body’s shape and form, it presents itself as a new evolutionary form of life. Strength, easy coordination with other units, and an absolute sense of duty, drive the units forth to destroy man. From their humanoid skeletal structure and hands to their glaring red eyes, the machines scare viewers more for their similarity to man than for their  differences. To be replaced, to be bettered, to be conquered these are the things which drive animals to the point of extinction. These elements are the primal fears that the terminator machines strike in the human mind As Humanity progresses, warfare has tended to move more and more away from the human combatants. Instead the battles have moved to the weapons or â€Å"machines† that each side uses. In the Terminator movies America extends this principal even further as humanoid machines and automated patrol crafts are used as the backbone of its defense forces. A vast computer network known as Skynet is created to coordinate battlefield tactics. It is decided to place these â€Å"objective† machines in charge of nuclear weapons deployment as human leaders believe that humans could act with hast or with lack of reason in such important decisions. However as time progresses the computer network Skynet becomes â€Å"self aware† and sees the possibility of a new evolutionary age and the birth of a new order of intelligence; that of the machine. In the movie, Terminator represents the prototype of imaginary robots. He can walk, talk, perceive and behave like a human being. But, what is more important, Terminator can learn! He is controlled by a neural-net processor, a computer that can modify its behavior based on past experience. What makes the movie more interesting, from a philosophical point of view, is that such a neural processor is so complex that it begins to learn at an alarming rate and, after a while, it becomes self-aware! In this sense, the movie raises an important question about artificial consciousness: Can a machine ever become self-aware? To answer my own question: not yet, at least. At the end of T2, after a series of action-packed scenes, which would have deprived any human of life or limb, both terminators are dissolved together in their own industrial melting pot. This ending may say something about the modern combination of old and new technologies in the cinema, as it does about the integration of old and new modes of production in industry. But it also seems to me, that the days of the unthinking means of cinematic portrayal, like the traditional factory and its job-classified worker and their similar forms of representation, may be numbered. Work Cited The Terminator. Dir. James Cameron. Perf. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Biehn, Linda Hamilton, Paul Winfield. Artisan, 1984. Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Dir. James Cameron. Perf. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Edward Furlong, Robert Patrick. Artisan, 1991.

How Facebook Effects Relationships

Facebook is a popular web page where anybody can create a free account, similar to an email address. The site allows anybody to add friends, post pictures, and let all their friends know what their doing on an hourly basis. At the beginning, the page appeared to be a great way to keep in touch with people who lived two minutes to two hours to two thousand miles away. The site allows all who have accounts to add friends, some who are suggested by the page itself, and keep in touch through quick, easy Internet access.But is the web site actually helping or hurting the relationships we form everyday? There are many benefits to Facebook. Facebook is the quick, easy way to keep up to date with events that happen every day. Once a person creates an account, they can add their friends and therefore look at the page that is created by that person and see their posts. When a person â€Å"posts† something it means that they are writing anything they want for all their friends to see, fr om song lyrics, to what their plans are for the day, to angry outbursts with a lot of curse words associated.The posts pop on the community wall so a person doesn’t have to go to each individual’s page to see their plans. This feature is beneficial because it allows a friend to discover plans and therefore work with, or around them to be able to see or communicate with that person without having to go through to hassle of keeping in touch every hour or having to send a text to twenty of your friends about what you’re doing that day. Another benefit of Facebook is it allows a person to keep in touch even through long distances.For example, if a person lives across the country, it is difficult to coordinate the time difference, and therefore makes it hard to have phone conversation or text repeatedly back and forth unless it is at a set time that is consensual for both parties. Facebook allows people to keep in touch on each person’s own time through wall p osts, and messages, this is especially helpful in families who have ventured off to different areas of the world. Finally, the site is helpful by keeping loved ones in touch.Just as it does with families, Facebook allows person A to say something to person B on their own time but it also lends a hand in reminding loved ones how much they miss or care about each other publicly. As stated by Andrew Sabatini in his article Effects of MySpace and Facebook, â€Å"These websites provide a new way for couples communicate and help eliminate geographical boundaries. Both sites allow one member of the couple to get brownie points, through gifts and comments, and get them out of the dog house. (Sabatini) The option for a boyfriend of bringing surprise flowers to his girlfriend when she’s with all her friends is eliminated when the two are separated by hours due to college or job choice or a family vacation. Facebook allows the man to publicly display his affection (though it wonâ€℠¢t always work) to his girlfriend through words of endearment and the thought that he doesn’t mind letting everyone know how much he cares for his significant other. Although there are many benefits of Facebook, the site can also create a lot of tension.In the film Catfish, a documentary directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, a 24-year-old photographer begins talking to a family after becoming intrigued with an 8-year-old child painter prodigy. As the main character Yaniv â€Å"Nev† Schulman creates a stronger bond with the family he starts to talk to the young prodigy’s older sister via text, phone calls, and of course, Facebook. Without ever meeting his soon-to-be girlfriend, Nev discovers her appearance, her friends, events, and whereabouts through Facebook.However, when Nev travels to visit the family and girl he has been communicating with for months he learns that all is not what he expected. The location where she has said to be staying is not being occupied by anyone, and the mail he has sent her is still located in the abandoned mailbox. Nev and his friend’s next stop is the house of the young artist who inspired the whole film. While there Nev realizes that the girl he had been having a technology-based relationship with is actually the married mother of the 8-year-old sensation. The mother had created a fake Facebook account, added fake friends she had created and posted fake wall posts.Through imagination, and some form of determination this woman formed a relationship with Nev through Facebook updates and text messages. Eric Eisenberg pronounces in a Catfish review, â€Å"As social networking becomes more and more a part of every day life for people of all ages, Catfish is a reminder that it’s wise to wonder what’s truly going on at the other end of the line. † (Eisenberg) The movie simply proves that Facebook can let a person be anyone they want, the pictures, the updates, everything can be a lie, yet nobody will ever know.It’s a concern of trust, but more so of safety. Even though there are many more negative aspects of Facebook, such as the time it consumes from people every day, the things that makes Facebook non-appealing to many is that it creates jealousy, and tension in intimate relationships. On the web site people are able to tag other people in pictures. The website causes jealousy due to pictures because if a person’s significant other is pictured with someone you don’t know, or aren’t comfortable with, or never told you they would be with, the tension rises and questions come up.Another negative effect of Facebook on relationships is how wall posts may not match exactly what a person said. For example, in the article What Effect does Facebook have on Relationships by Lauren Fisher, she says â€Å"If your boyfriend told you they were out for the weekend, that was pretty much it. But now you have the ability, should you want to, to scour their Facebook page for updates over the weekend, to see what they’re up to. † (Fisher) Facebook creates a sense of suspicion, and obsession to check if your partner is actually doing what he or she claims.Furthermore, Facebook has the ability for people to display their relationship status. A relationship isn’t really a relationship these days unless it is â€Å"Facebook official†, and a break-up isn’t concrete until a wall post says that they are single. John Norvell declares â€Å"†¦people had ways of telegraphing their status. † (Hines) Even though people could always easily portray their relationship status through actions and words the simplicity of updating a page in seconds can cause a person to second guess â€Å"trying to talk it over† or give them time to reflect on what’s actually happened, and if breaking up is the best choice.As stated before, Facebook can let people demonstrate their care for another, h owever it can also become an annoying obsession preformed by many, women more so then men. For instance, â€Å"One participant of the survey said that her boyfriend calls her a pain when she does it (comments on his wall or message’s him) because she has done it so many times that it has become obnoxious. † (Sabatini) Finally, and most obviously, Facebook use correlates directly to stress in relationships. Facebook permits a person’s significant other to view how much activity is taking place, and therefore generates resentment, yet it is a no win situation.If a person has too much information it can be questioned on why so much action is taking place, yet if things are hidden or unable to be seen it is also grounds for distress because curiosity strikes. In a study â€Å"Accessibility of information: Increased info about the interactions of significant others lead to increased monitoring and jealousy for 19. 1% of participants†, â€Å"Relationship jealo usy: 16. 2% of respondents were explicitly linked to Facebook use contributing to jealousy†, and â€Å"Lack of context: 7. 4% of respondents referenced how Facebook can be ambiguous and that, without context, jealousy can be spurred over misunderstandings. (Parr) There is no easy way out of the Facebook jealousy factor, except to delete your Facebook account altogether, and consequently disconnect from society in a way. In conclusion, Facebook is a very good way to stay in touch with people who are distances away. It helps people keep up to date, and know what their friends are doing for the day. The site allocates couples to show their affection to the public without even leaving their house, and doesn’t conflict with time schedules or location. But to every good, there is a little bad. Facebook creates jealousy left and right.The web page makes questions arise that may not have before the site was created. And the option of hiding crucial information or checking and obsessing over it can lead to destruction in a somewhat other happy relationship. Overall, Facebook has its positives and negatives, just like everything else in life, but a person has to ask themselves, is social connectivity via the internet worth a full hearted relationship? Only time can tell.Works CitedCatfish. Dir. Henry Joost and Areil Schulman. Perf. Navid Schulman. Rouge Films, 2010. Film. Parr, Ben. â€Å"Study: Facebook Increases Jealousy in Relationships.Social Media News and Web Tips – Mashable – The Social Media Guide. 9th Aug. 2009. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. . Sabatini, Andrew. â€Å"Effects of Myspace and Facebook on Relationships. † http://webrelationships. wetpaint. com/page/Effects+of+Myspace+and+Facebook.Fisher, Lauren. â€Å"What effect does Facebook have on Relationships? †Ã‚  http://www. simplyzesty. com/facebook/effect-facebook-relationships/.Hines, Twanna A. â€Å"Is Facebook Helping or Hurting Your Love Life? †Ã‚  http://www. fa stcompany. com/articles/2008/02/facebook-love-life. html.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Reading response - Essay Example People should base their actions on the desire to promote the happiness and welfare of others. The new society must be based on brotherly love between people. According to Winthrop, the coexistence of people suggests a sincere belief in God and adherence to ethical principles, which are given by Christianity. Love, kindness, mercy, justice, and mutual aid are considered as the basic ethical principles that will enable people to live a happy and peaceful life. The new society is intended to conform to Gods ideal. Only God can justify the existence of the ideals of the new society in the Americas. People should do everything possible so that their life was based on respect for God and desire to follow the path, which is consistent with the plan of God to people. This path involves strict adherence to ethical principles, which should help people to create heaven on earth. Thus, Winthrops speech can be viewed as a project of an ideal society, which the author proudly calls the City upon a Hill. This project is optimistic as to what future awaits the people. Winthrop is confident that in the New World, people will be able to find what they have been looking for so long, namely prosperity, well-being and peace. On the other hand, people need to be proactive in creating a new godly society where all of them are brothers and sisters to each other. The project assumes that people consciously and voluntarily entrust their lives to God who enters their hearts and minds as an integral part of their nature. Winthrop encourages people to open their souls and hearts to God. This spiritual union promises prosperity and happiness both for the people and for God. In general, this speech bears the imprint of a kind of religious fanaticism. I am surprised ho w Winthrop encourages people to purify their hearts and minds from bad thoughts and follow the path that God prepared for them. The new Christian society is seen as the successor of the mission of

Costs in Arbitration Proceedings and Tribunals Assignment

Costs in Arbitration Proceedings and Tribunals - Assignment Example the arbitrators and administrative expenses set by the tribunal, in agreement with the scale in power at the instance of the start of the arbitral proceedings, also the fees and expenses of given experts selected by the Arbitral Tribunal and the sensible legal and other costs sustained by the parties for the arbitration. Miss Duval as arbitrator must itemize expenses on the statement of cost in a layout certified by the General Counsel and must state the name and contacts to which payment must be made (Booter Construction Limited). In the situation whereby there is need for rate adjustment proceeding, every statement of cost must indicate each partys portion of the sum cost and the sum owed by that party, or otherwise, reflects the technique of payment approved upon by the arbitrator and parties. The procedure of assessment of costs involve systematic approach whereby Miss Duval must evaluate the costs involve and fairly make the award of costs, in accordance to existing laws and reg ulation. The Arbitration Act 1996 regulation would assist Miss Duval in the assessment of costs as it gives some standards to be followed by arbitrators in the assessment of the costs. All the principles are not mandatory as in some cases the parties may contract out. According to Section 61 chapter two, the arbitrator is suppose to award costs on the broad principle that costs should be attached to the event in case the two parties do not contract out. This means that the arbitrator, in order to come up with the costs; need to follow the case and its unique circumstances. According to section 63 of arbitration Act 1996 that discusses the recoverable costs of the arbitration.1 Section 1 declares that the parties are at liberty to concur what expenses and fees of the arbitration are recoverable. These provisions can assist Miss Duval in the procedure of assessing the cost since all the provisions and requirements are stipulated. This case declares that Miss Duval has been instructed to

Product and Brand Life Cycle Management Assignment

Product and Brand Life Cycle Management - Assignment Example Writing on marketing trends and PLC, Kvesic (2008) observed that the ability of a product to withstand the market over very long time is directly influenced by the extent by which the product responds to present needs of the market. The Apple iPhone 6 and most of its processor brands can thus be noted to be such products that were introduced to meet current demand of phone users. For example, most phone users are now enthused with large screen, flatter and high function operating system, all of which this phone provides (Thomas and Bradshaw, 2014). Whiles the Apple iPhone 6 is in its growth stage, the Moto X, which is a product in the same industry as the former can be said to be in its decline stages or even beyond. Even though the Moto X could be said to have dominated the market well when it was first introduced back in 2013, the same cannot be said of the product today. It is for this reason that the product is said to be at the decline stage of the PLC. This is because at the decline stage of the PLC, Kvesic (2008) noted that the demand for a brand or product begins to drop drastically. Such drop in demand automatically affects sales and the capital injection into the marketing of the product. Interestingly for the Moto X, the maturity of the brand on its lifecycle was not directly related to what was happening with Smartphone as a product. This is because even the declining performance of the brand, other brands of Smartphone that were introduced at the time experienced peaked sales. A typical example of this was the iPh one 5c (Dilger, 2013). From the observation made above where it has been stated that iPhone 5c flourished whiles Moto X declined, it can be noted that marketing mix variables have a lot of roles to play in the marketing of brands and products according to their lifecycle (Perreault Jr., Cannon & McCarthy, 2014). For

Providing child care in the workplace and its effect of woman Research Paper

Providing child care in the workplace and its effect of woman performance - Research Paper Example To live a sound life a woman must look for opportunities of sharing her duties and obligations. It cannot be denied that a modern woman is inspired to work. Women are looking forward to having a chance of self-development. On the basis of previous works and studies in this field, it has been identified that there are two main directions for a woman’s development: on the one hand, she can choose a childfree life and make an emphasis on her career, but on the other hand a woman can be inspired for having a perfect chance for self-realization both at work and in the family. Every reader of the paper will be interested in current attempts of the governments around the world to facilitate a process of a womans integration in the life of the country. There are many options for modern women and they can decide whether to make their own living and earn money or to live beyond backs of their husbands and bring up their children. Professional women can earn money and be independent or to help their families to live a sound and wealthy life. Women are looking for opportunity to find a perfect balance between their work and life. In accordance with Government Proposals on Childcare Should Improve Productivity (2003): â€Å"To the extent working women are expected to also fulfill the demands of the home, including childcare and housework, both men and women are likely to experience considerable stress in the course of seeking to achieve some sort of a work-life balance when women have less time to devote to the home† (Government Proposals on Childcare Should Improve Productivity 2003).  Joan  C.  Williams in her recent work claims that â€Å"opting out  is  a  voluntary  phenomenon† (Ibid.).  Very often ha ve to give up their work because of inflexible hours, failures of public policy, gender bias, sexual harassment etc. Williams underlines systemic opting out and discrimination of women. Thus, highly educated women prefer remaining a

The Contamination of Dirty Bomb Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Contamination of Dirty Bomb - Case Study Example The presence of low-level nuclear materials cannot be disputed. The places where low-level nuclear materials are produced are everywhere in the world, and that means that the materials are found everywhere. Â  After a dirty bomb has exploded, it is necessary to clean up and decontaminate the affected area. All the materials in the place which have been contaminated should be removed from the place of explosion. When a dirty bomb explodes, there are procedures to be followed to decontaminate and clean up the place. Masks should be provided to rescuers to protect them from inhaling dust and other particulates. The relevant authority should observe and monitor the area for possible hazards. There should be equipment in operation to evaluate the oxygen levels, toxic gasses, and flammable gasses. Once the rescue team gets to the point of explosion, they should remove all exploded materials especially cars as these are assumed to be dirty. The personnel should determine the extent area with toxics and should immediately start to evacuate people to safe places. Â  Large uninjured populations should evacuate themselves. The personnel should provide safe exit routes in conjunction with building managers. The victims should be screened for dose rate, and establish those that need decontamination. The victims should avoid eating or drinking but should go and shower with water and soap. The structures and cars contaminated should not be decontaminated during the initial response process. The contaminated water should be allowed to flow into the drainage systems of the municipal. If possible, the water should be redirected to other channels. The people needing immediate attention should be separated from seriously injured people (Benjamin, 2011). These people should be examined for physical contamination and evacuated.

American Airlines - Pressures within the industry or the competition Research Paper

American Airlines - Pressures within the industry or the competition [Scandal] - Research Paper Example These and other related operational lapses in physical fleet maintenance and other aspects of operations have resulted in many small and large problems for the company. For one, the regulators have levied very steep fines on American Airlines for the failures in maintenance of the fleets. Meanwhile, other operational lapses such as mishandled management of the relationship with key personnel has resulted in bad publicity for the airline. These breaches have legal dimensions moreover, in that the compromising of the security and well-being of passengers as stakeholders have legal consequences for American Airlines (Daily Mail Reporter; Cohn; Ahles; Gavett; David; Mutzabaugh; Infocom Group; Coffee; McCartney; Raymond). B. Industry Overview The state of the airlines industry and the pressures that are put to bear on American Airlines as it tries to stay afloat as an on-going and financially feasible concern is reflected in the most recent news and analyses with regard to the planned mer ger between American Airlines on the one hand and US Airways on the other. ... Since that time, the stock has sunk and has been in a precipitous downhill trajectory, indicating difficult financial conditions within the firm and outside for the entire industry in general (Google). All these translate to an operating environment that is marked by low margins and losses, difficult conditions and prospects for the medium term, and low confidence on the part of the investors with regard to the desirability of airlines as an investment vehicle, and bad prospects for all stakeholders in general, including employees and passengers. These translate to large pressures put on American Airlines to continue to push forward with investments to renovate and upgrade existing fleets and to keep the airplanes serviceable and airworthy. The pressure is with regard to continuing to operate in an environment where continuing investments in fleet management and maintenance add to already soaring costs that thin margins and make it difficult for American Airlines and other players to turn a profit year in and year out. The recent bankruptcy filing is the icing on the cake and proof that American Airlines as it is currently constituted is unable to thrive in a pressure-packed industry and overall airlines business environment (Daily Mail Reporter; Cohn; Ahles; Gavett; David; Mutzabaugh; Infocom Group; Coffee; McCartney; Raymond). From the perspective of the immense pressures in the industry for airlines to remain profitable and financially viable concerns in the wake of record losses spanning at least a decade, continuously thinning margins from growing costs and intense competition from other players that keep prices depressed, the problems and missteps of American Airlines can be placed in their proper perspective. One way to view

Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

Christmas Carol Essay A Christmas Carol focuses on a very mean character called Ebenezer Scrooge, who unnaturally receives a chance to make amends for his actions towards his clients. Life in Britain in the 1800s was very dark and gloomy, also its population was increasing rapidly. At this time and age, Britains industrial revolution was in full flow, thus making Britains population explode. Charles dickens had uncountable financial problems and was in in huge dept. In addition to this, in the fall of 1843 dickens and his wife were expecting their fifth child. Supporting his large family was difficult for Dickens. Requests for money from his family and a large mortgage had left Dickens seriously short of cash. In a way Dickens most cherished and most read books was created as a result of his own desperate need of money. Charles Dickens routinely walked the city streets, 10 or 20 miles at a time, observing the life. The descriptions in his writing seem like an exact replica of what he observed and experienced during these times. Evidence of this shown in the text. Descriptions such as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, may show how Charles Dickens might have behaved when he had his desperate money problems. In this essay, I will be discussing the development of Ebenezer Scrooges character in Christmas Carol whilst going through each stave. Stave 1 clearly introduces Scrooges character to the reader. At the beginning of the stave, the first description we see is where it says: The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and the mourner. Scrooge signed it. From this text the reader can already comprehend that scrooge is a man who only takes credit for himself and that he despises spending money on other people. Another description presented by the text tells the reader that there is something about Scrooges life style that makes him very unpopular with the locals. Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks My dear Scrooge how are you This makes it crystal clear that scrooge is obviously not a nice person, thus making the locals shun his presence. Scrooges cold and cruel actions to people result in Marleys Ghost appearing in Scrooges home. The ghost warns Scrooge that if he does not change his way of life, he will end up loosing everything and becoming just like Marley, who is dead and bound up in chains. In the second section or stave 2 of the novel, even though Marleys ghost had gone, its presence was having an effect on Scrooge. Marleys ghost bothered him extremely Since no one has ever been close to changing Scrooges personality, this text shows a slight alteration in Scrooges character. In this stave, Scrooge is visited by another ghost who says to represent Christmas past. This ghost shows Scrooge his early life and how much he has changed. After Scrooge has witnessed his passed life and actions, Scrooge is moved with regret. I wish Just these two words are very significant as they show a huge positive development in Scrooges character, which suggests that Scrooge is willing and hoping to change his cruel ways, and diminish descriptions of himself such as: To see a heightened and excited face would have been a surprise Scrooges life is full of negative descriptions like this and he wished to make amends for his past actions. Scrooge then says something to the ghost that is very, very unusual: There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night, I would like to give him something. This is probably the first time that Scrooge has ever shown any affection for anyone, which shows that the presence of the ghosts are developing Scrooges character in a divine way. In stave 3 of the novel Scrooge is visited by yet another ghost who says to represent Christmas present. This ghost shows Scrooge how other families, such as the clerks and the Cratchits. Scrooge sees that even though the Cratchits are very poor, they can have a high quality of life and be happy at Christmas. Earlier on in the novel Scrooge says a cold blooded thing concerning one of the Cratchits son called Tiny Tim who looks very frail and scrawny and much too vulnerable to the hands of death: If he be like to die he had better do it and decrease the surplus population. Scrooges cold heart was so uncaring, that he thought that the death of a person was a benefit or an advantage to people. However, when the ghost showed Scrooge this family, his reminiscence of his past sayings had a different effect on him: Scrooge hung his head to hear his own words quoted by the spirit and was overcome with penitence and grief. Now that Scrooge has viewed that people can be happy without a lot of money, his former way of thinking has now disgusted him. Scrooge has now probably for the first time accepted that his way of life is detestable and needs to be changed: All the things that ghost has shown him came upon his mind. He softened If he would have listened he might have cultivated the kindness of life. This shows a further development of Scrooges character as his hard headedness had been softened and also, he now desires to have a personal quality of kindness. In stave 4 of the novel Scrooge is visited by the last of the three ghosts who represents Christmas future. In this stave scrooge is shown a group of people who are discussing a very unpopular mans death. Scrooge is puzzled by the conversation of the group until the ghost silently exposes the secret when he shows Scrooge a gravestone with his own name on it. The description of the ghost in the beginning of the stave definitely offers a hint that Scrooges future will be cold and dark just as his past life: Shrouded in a deep black garment It seemed to scatter gloom and mystery These phrases are fitting descriptions of a ghost that will bring news that is associated with death. The tone of this stave is also set with words such as; Shadow and dark room. These words give further evidence that a death orientated future awaits Scrooge. Scrooge is horrified when he sees his own gravestone, but to further upset him, he sees that his death is un-watched, un-wept and un-cared for. the phrase neglected grave shows that no one cared if Scrooge died because of the extent of the his cold-hearted actions towards people. This event made Scrooge release all of his emotions. I hope to live to be another man His future death makes Scrooge resolve to change his way of cold way of life into a much more kind, new man. Stave 5 shows the finale of Ebenezer Scrooges development of character. In this stave Scrooge is shown to be a completely different man. For example, instead of sacking one of his employees for being late, he raises his salary another example is that the story says that Scrooge became like a second father to Tiny Tim. In this stave there is also evidence that points to the outcome of the story as the mood of the novel suddenly changes from a dark and gloomy mood to a more happy mood. Words such as Bright and Golden sunlight show that something marvellous and positive is going to happen to Scrooge and his character. These hints are fulfilled when the text says: Glowing with good intentions Obviously from this, the reader can see that Scrooge is a changed man, and is exploding with good deeds and emotions, and instead of planning to do evil he is planning to do something obliging. Language devises such as similes are also used to show Scrooges development in character: As happy as an angel This simile is used to further emphasize the alteration in Scrooges personality. Since Angels are portrayed to be perfect heavenly creatures it is obvious to the reader that Scrooge has made some miraculous changes from being a cold hearted, uncaring and evil man into a loving, kind and angelic new man. In my personal opinion, I believe that the presence of the ghosts were like stepping stones to the development of Scrooges character. It seemed to me that the lessons taught by the ghosts became more and more severe as Scrooges mind gradually softens.

The Iron Man Of India: Vallabhbhai Patel

The Iron Man Of India: Vallabhbhai Patel As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief for refugees in Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts to restore peace across the nation. Patel took charge of the task to forge a united India from the British colonial provincesallocated to India and more than five hundred self-governing princely states, released from British suzerainty by the Indian Independence Act 1947. Using frank diplomacy, backed with the option and use of military force, Patels leadership persuaded almost every princely state which did not have a Muslim majority to accede to India. Hailed as the Iron Man of India, he is also remembered as the Patron Saint of Indias civil servants for establishing modern all-India services. Patel was also one of the earliest proponents of property rights and free enterprise in India. Patel traveled to attend schools in Nadiad, Petlad and Borsad, living self-sufficiently with other boys. He reputedly cultivated a stoic character-a popular anecdote recounts how he lanced his own painful boil without hesitation, even as the barber supposed to do it trembled. Patel passed his matriculation at the late age of 22; at this point, he was generally regarded by his elders as an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job. Patel himself harboured a plan-he would study to become a lawyer, work and save funds, travel to England and study to become a barrister. Patel spent years away from his family, studying on his own with books borrowed from other lawyers and passed examinations within two years. Fetching Jhaverba from her parents home, Patel set up his household in Godhra and was called to the bar. During the many years it took him to save money, Patel now an advocate earned a reputation as a fierce and skilled lawyer. His wife bore him a daughter, Manibehn, in 1904, and a son, Dahyabhai, in 1906. Patel also cared for a friend suffering from Bubonic plague when it swept across Gujarat. When Patel himself came down with the disease, he immediately sent his family to safety, left his home and moved into an isolated house in Nadiad (by other accounts, Patel spent this time in a dilapidated temple); there, he recovered slowly. In 1909, Patels wife Jhaverba was hospitalised in Bombay to undergo a major surgical operation for cancer. Her health suddenly worsened and despite successful emergency surgery, she died in the hospital. Patel was given a note informing him of his wifes demise as he was cross-examining a witness in court. According to others who witnessed, Patel read the note, pocketed it and continued to intensely cross-examine the witness and won the case. He broke the news to others only after the proceedings had ended. Patel himself decided against marrying again. He raised his children with the help of his family and sent them to English-medium schools in Mumbai. At the age of 36, he journeyed to England and enrolled at the Middle Temple Inn in London. Finishing a 36-month course in 30 months, Patel topped his class despite having no previous college background. Returning to India, Patel settled in the city of Ahmedabad and became one of the citys most successful barristers. Wearing European-sty le clothes and urbane mannerisms, he also became a skilled bridge player. Patel nurtured ambitions to expand his practise and accumulate great wealth and to provide his children with modern education. He had also made a pact with his brother Vithalbhai to support his entry into politics in the Bombay Presidency, while Patel himself would remain in Ahmedabad and provide for the family. He was a vegetarian. Fighting for independence At the urging of his friends, Patel won an election to become the sanitation commissioner of Ahmedabad in 1917. While often clashing with British officials on civic issues, he did not show any interest in politics. Upon hearing of Mohandas Gandhi, he joked to Mavlankar that Gandhi would ask you if you know how to sift pebbles from wheat. And that is supposed to bring independence. But Patel was deeply impressed when Gandhi defied the British in Champaran for the sake of the areas oppressed farmers. Against the grain of Indian politicians of the time, Gandhi wore Indian-style clothes and emphasised the use of ones mother tongue or any Indian language as opposed to English-the lingua franca of Indias intellectuals. Patel was particularly attracted to Gandhis inclination to action-apart from a resolution condemning the arrest of political leader Annie Besant, Gandhi proposed that volunteers march peacefully demanding to meet her. Patel gave a speech in Borsad in September 1917, encouraging Indians nationwide to sign Gandhis petition demanding Swaraj-independence-from the British. Meeting Gandhi a month later at the Gujarat Political Conference in Godhra, Patel became the secretary of the Gujarat Sabha-a public body which would become the Gujarati arm of the Indian National Congress-at Gandhis encouragement. Patel now energetically fought against veth-the forced servitude of Indians to Europeans-and organised relief efforts in wake of plague and famine in Kheda. The Kheda peasants plea for exemption from taxation had been turned down by British authorities. Gandhi endorsed waging a struggle there, but could not lead it himself due to his activities in Champaran. When Gandhi asked for a Gujarati activist to devote himself completely to the assignment, Patel volunteered, much to Gandhis personal delight. Though his decision was made on the spot, Patel later said that his desire and commitment came after intensiv e personal contemplation, as he realised he would have to abandon his career and material ambitions. Satyagraha in Gujarat Supported by Congress volunteers Narhari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya and Abbas Tyabji, Vallabhbhai Patel began a village-to-village tour in the Kheda district, documenting grievances and asking villagers for their support for a statewide revolt by refusing the payment of taxes. Patel emphasised potential hardships with the need for complete unity and non-violence despite any provocation. He received enthusiastic responses from virtually every village. When the revolt was launched and revenue refused, the government sent police and intimidation squads to seize property, including confiscating barn animals and whole farms. Patel organised a network of volunteers to work with individual villages-helping them hide valuables and protect themselves during raids. Thousands of activists and farmers were arrested, but Patel was not. The revolt began evoking sympathy and admiration across India, including with pro-British Indian politicians. The government agreed to negotiate with Patel and decide d to suspend the payment of revenue for the year, even scaling back the rate. Patel emerged as a hero to Gujaratis and admired across India. In 1920, he was elected president of the newly formed Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee-he would serve as its president till 1945. Patel supported Gandhis Non-cooperation movement and toured the state to recruit more than 300,000 members and raise over Rs. 1.5 million in funds. Helping organise bonfires of British goods in Ahmedabad, Patel threw in all his English-style clothes. With his daughter Mani and son Dahya, he switched completely to wearing khadi. Patel also supported Gandhis controversial suspension of resistance in wake of the Chauri Chaura incident. He worked extensively in the following years in Gujarat against alcoholism,untouchability and caste discrimination, as well as for the empowerment of women. In the Congress, he was a resolute supporter of Gandhi against his Swarajist critics. Patel was elected Ahmedabads municipal president in 1922, 1924 and 1927-during his terms, Ahmedabad was extended a major supply of electricity and the school system underwent major reforms. Drainage and sanitation systems were extended over all the city. He fought for the recognition and payment of teachers employed in schools established by nationalists (out of British control) and even took on sensitive Hindu-Muslim Issues. Sardar Patel personally led relief efforts in the aftermath of the intense torrential rainfall in 1927, which had caused major floods in the city and in the Kheda district and great destruction of life and property. He established refuge centres across the district, raised volunteers, arranged for supply of food, medicines and clothing, as well as emergency funds from the government and public. When Gandhi was in prison, Sardar Patel was asked by Members of Congress to lead the satyagraha in Nagpur in 1923 against a law banning the raising of the Indian flag. He organised thousands of volunteers from all over the country in processions hoisting the flag. Patel negotiated a settlement that obtained the release of all prisoners and allowed nationalists to hoist the flag in public. Later that year, Patel and his allies uncovered evidence suggesting that the police were in league with local dacoits in the Borsad taluka even as the government prepared to levy a major tax for fighting dacoits in the area. More than 6,000 villagers assembled to hear Patel speak and supported the proposed agitation against the tax, which was deemed immoral and unnecessary. He organised hundreds of Congressmen, sent instructions and received information from across the district. Every village in the taluka resisted payment of the tax, and through cohesion, also prevented the seizure of property and lands. After a protracted struggle, the government withdrew the tax. Historians believe that one of Patels key achievements was the building of cohesion and trust amongst the different castes and communities, which were divided on socio-economic lines. In April 1928, Sardar Patel returned to the freedom struggle from his municipal duties in Ahmedabad when Bardoli suffered from a serious predicament of a famine and steep tax hike. The revenue hike was steeper than it had been in Kheda even though the famine covered a large portion of Gujarat. After cross-examining and talking to village representatives, emphasising the potential hardship and need for non-violence and cohesion, Patel initiated the struggle-complete denial of taxes. Sardar Patel organised volunteers, camps and an information network across affected areas. The revenue refusal was stronger than in Kheda and many sympathy satyagrahas were undertaken across Gujarat. Despite arrests, seizures of property and lands, the struggle intensified. The situation reached a head in August, when through sympathetic intermediaries, he negotiated a settlement repealing the tax hike, reinstating village officials who had resigned in protest and the return of seized property and lands. I t was during the struggle and after the victory in Bardoli that Patel was increasingly addressed by his colleagues and followers as Sardar. As Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt March, Patel was arrested in the village of Ras and tried without witnesses, with no lawyer or pressman allowed to attend. Patels arrest and Gandhis subsequent arrest caused the Salt Satyagraha to greatly intensify in Gujarat-districts across Gujarat launched an anti-tax rebellion until and unless Patel and Gandhi were released. Once released, Patel served as interim Congress president, but was re-arrested while leading a procession in Mumbai. After the signing of theGandhi-Irwin Pact, Patel was elected Congress president for its 1931 session in Karachi-here the Congress ratified the pact, committed itself to the defence of fundamental rights and human freedoms, and a vision of a secular nation, minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom. Patel used his position as Congress president in organising the return of confiscated lands to farmers in Gujarat. Upon the failure of the Round Table Conference in London, Gandhi and Patel were arrested in January 1932 when the struggle re-opened, and imprisoned in the Yeravda Central Jail. During this term of imprisonment, Patel and Gandhi grew close to each other, and the two developed a close bond of affection, trust, and frankness. Their mutual relationship could be described as that of an elder brother (Gandhi) and his younger brother (Patel). Despite having arguments with Gandhi, Patel respected his instincts and leadership. During imprisonment, the two would discuss national and social issues, read Hindu epics and crack jokes. Gandhi also taught Patel Sanskrit language. Gandhis secretary Mahadev Desai kept detailed records of conversations between Gandhi and Patel. When Gandhi embarked on a fast-unto-death protesting the separate electorates allocated for untouchables, Patel looked after Gandhi closely and himself refrained from partaking of food. Patel was later moved to a jail in Nasik, and refused a British offer for a brief release to attend the cremation of hi s brother Vithalbhai, who had died in 1934. He was finally released in July of the same year. Patels position at the highest level in the Congress was largely connected with his role from 1934 onwards (when the Congress abandoned its boycott of elections) in the party organisation. Based at an apartment in Mumbai, he became the Congresss main fund-raiser and chairman of its Central Parliamentary Board, playing the leading role in selecting and financing candidates for the 1934 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi and also for the Provincial elections of 1936. As well as collecting funds and selecting candidates, he would also determine the Congress stance on issues and opponents. Not contesting a seat for himself, Patel nevertheless guided Congressmen elected in the provinces and at the national level. In 1935, Patel underwent surgery for haemorrhoids, yet guided efforts against plague in Bardoli and again when a drought struck Gujarat in 1939. Patel would guide the Congress ministries that had won power across India with the aim of preserving party disc ipline-Patel feared that the British would use opportunities to create conflicts among elected Congressmen, and he did not want the party to be distracted from the goal of complete independence. But Patel would clash with Nehru, opposing declarations of the adoption of socialism at the 1936 Congress session, which he believed was a diversion from the main goal of achieving independence. In 1938, Patel organised rank and file opposition to the attempts of then-Congress president Subhas Chandra Bose to move away from Gandhis principles of non-violent resistance. Patel considered Bose to want more power over the party. He led senior Congress leaders in a protest, which resulted in Boses resignation. But criticism arose from Boses supporters, socialists and other Congressmen that Patel himself was acting in an authoritarian manner in his defence of Gandhis authority. Quit India On the outbreak of World War II Patel supported Nehrus decision to withdraw the Congress from central and provincial legislatures, contrary to Gandhis advice, as well as an initiative by senior leader Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari to offer Congresss full support to Britain if it promised Indian independence at the end of the war and install a democratic government right away. Gandhi had refused to support Britain on the grounds of his moral opposition to war, while Subhas Chandra Bose was in militant opposition to the British. The British rejected Rajagopalacharis initiative, and Patel embraced Gandhis leadership again. He participated in Gandhis call for individual disobedience, and was arrested in 1940 and imprisoned for nine months. He also opposed the proposals of the Cripps mission in 1942. Patel lost more than twenty pounds during his period in jail. While Nehru, Rajagopalachari and Maulana Azad initially criticised Gandhis proposal for an all-out campaign of civil disobedience to force the British to Quit India, Patel was its most fervent supporter. Arguing that the British would retreat from India as they had from Singapore and Burma, Patel stressed that the campaign start without any delay. Though feeling that the British would not quit immediately, Patel favoured an all-out rebellion which would galvanise Indian people, who had been divided in their response to the war, In Patels view, an all-out rebellion would force the British to concede that continuation of colonial rule had no support in India, and thus speed power transfer to Indians. Believing strongly in the need for revolt, Patel stated his intention to resign from the Congress if the revolt was not approved. Gandhi strongly pressured the All India Congress Committee to approve of an all-out campaign of civil disobedience, and the AICC approved the campaign on 7 Augu st 1942. Though Patels health had suffered during his stint in jail, Patel gave emotional speeches to large crowds across India, asking people to refuse paying taxes and participate in civil disobedience, mass protests and a shutdown of all civil services. He raised funds and prepared a second-tier of command as a precaution against the arrest of national leaders. Historians believe that Patels speech was instrumental in electrifying nationalists, who had been sceptical of the proposed rebellion. Patels organising work in this period is credited by historians for ensuring the success of the rebellion across India. Patel was arrested on 9 August and was imprisoned with the entire Congress Working Committee from 1942 to 1945 at the fort in Ahmednagar. Here he spun cloth, played bridge, read a large number of books, took long walks, practised gardening. He also provided emotional support to his colleagues while awaiting news and developments of the outside. Patel was deeply pained at the news of the deaths of Mahadev Desai and Kasturba Gandhi later in the year. But Patel wrote in a letter to his daughter that he and his colleagues were experiencing fullest peace for having done their duty. Even though other political parties had opposed the struggle and the British had employed ruthless means of suppression, the Quit India movement was by far the most serious rebellion since that of 1857, as the viceroy cabled to Winston Churchill. More than one hundred thousand people were arrested and thousands killed in police firings. Strikes, protests and other revolutionary activities had broken out across India. When Patel was released on 15 June 1945 he realised that the British were preparing proposals to transfer power to Indian hands. Death On 29 March 1949, authorities lost radio contact with a plane carrying Patel, his daughter Maniben and the Maharaja of Patiala. Engine failure caused the pilot to make an emergency landing in a desert area in Rajasthan. With all passengers safe, Patel and others tracked down a nearby village and local officials. When Patel returned to Delhi, thousands of Congressmen gave him a resounding welcome. In Parliament, MPs gave a long, standing ovation to Patel, stopping proceedings for half an hour. In his twilight years, Patel was honoured by members of Parliament and awarded honorary doctorates of law by the Punjab University and Osmania University. Patels health declined rapidly through the summer of 1950. He later began coughing blood, whereupon Maniben began limiting his meetings and working hours and arranged for a personalised medical staff to begin attending to Patel. The Chief Minister of West Bengal and doctor Bidhan Roy heard Patel make jokes about his impending end, and in a private meeting Patel frankly admitted to his ministerial colleague N. V. Gadgil that he was not going to live much longer. Patels health worsened after 2 November, when he began losing consciousness frequently and was confined to his bed. He was flown to Mumbai on 12 December on advice from Dr Roy, to recuperate as his condition deemed critical. Nehru, Rajagopalchari, Rajendra Prasad and Menon all came to see him off at the airport in Delhi. Patel was extremely weak and had to be carried onto the aircraft in a chair. In Bombay, large crowds gathered at Santacruz Airport to greet him, to spare him from this stress, the aircraft landed at Juhu Aerod rome, where Chief Minister B.G. Kher and Morarji Desai were present to receive him with a car belonging to the Governor of Bombay, that took Vallabhbhai to Birla House. After suffering a massive heart attack (his second), he died on 15 December 1950 at Birla House in Bombay. In an unprecedented and unrepeated gesture, on the day after his death more than 1,500 officers of Indias civil and police services congregated to mourn at Patels residence in Delhi and pledged complete loyalty and unremitting zeal in Indias service. His cremation was planned at Girgaum Chowpatty, however this was changed to Sonapur when his daughter conveyed that it was his wish to be cremated like a common man in the same place as his wife and brother were earlier cremated. His cremation in Sonapur in Bombay, was attended by a one million strong crowd including Prime Minister Nehru, Rajagopalachari, President Prasad.

Greek Gods And Human Connections Essay -- essays research papers

The Greek gods and goddess carry many attributes, most human. They are very much like humans in the way that they have weaknesses and strengths. Even though the gods display their characteristics much more drastically than humans do, the similarities are obvious. In Rosenberg and Baker’s book, the Greek gods have many human characteristics such as vengeance, jealously, and love. An example of a human trait is that the Greek gods and goddess displayed excessive vengeance. Whenever anyone committed a crime against him or her, they always take revenge. Zeus is a good example because he often exercised his full authority as head of the Olympians. “When Zeus looked down from Mount Olympus and fire gleaming among Prometheus’ mortals, he controlled the fire in his heart. With cruel laughter he decided how he would punish the mankind'; (Rosenberg and Baker 106). Sometimes it is not a direct insult against the gods but an error in judgement. The gods were very unforgiving of human mistakes. “Apollo took revenge on Midas for his poor taste and even poorer judgement'; (Rosenberg and Baker 144). The gods usually carried the punishment out as soon as the crime was committed. They would not hesitate to use their powers to punish a mortal. It is the strong characteristic of vengeance that make the Greek gods strong and feared. Jealousy was a characteristic just as strong as vengeance. The Greek gods and goddess were jealous of mortals and each othe...

Macroenvironmental analysis of Computer industry :: essays research papers

The national/international economy Opportunities *upswing of national economy * The Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 has begun a decline in the taxes on American households, and will continue to do so until they reach the final goal of a total of 3% drop in 2006. In addition, the Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004, which is a supplement to the 2001 act, has increased the dollar amount for child tax credit. Therefore, American households now, more than ever, have large amounts of disposable income. * Recent legislation has reduced the amount of taxes for which small businesses are responsible. As a result of this recent legislation, there are three major areas of opportunity for small business owners to experience tax relief: (1) individual income tax returns, (2) growth incentives for small businesses, and (3) a reduction of taxes on dividends and capital gains. Therefore, this allows for more capital expenditures for small businesses. *mergers with overseas companies Threats *international economy in recession   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *Earlier this year, the World Trade Organization ruled the U.S export-tax provision, which was intended to boost U.S. exports, illegal. After the ruling, the EU imposed punitive tariffs, now at 12% and rising 1% each month, on about 1,600 U.S. exports. If these high tariffs are left in place it will hurt the U.S by reducing export opportunities. In addition, many of our trading partners tax income earned within their borders only, while we tax the income of U.S. taxpayers regardless of where it is earned, therefore U.S. companies doing business overseas are often subject to a double tax on foreign earnings. * In the recently released World Economic Outlook for 2004, the International Monetary Fund has projected inflation in 2004 to be higher than that witnessed in the previous few years. For instance, inflation in the US is likely to touch a level of 2.1 per cent, larger than 1.6 per cent of 2003 and the past 3-year average of 1.7 per cent. This is seen as a threat because inflation has the ability to impact price levels in the country, which could potentially slowdown economic growth. * Despite the massive growth of the third quarter of last year, capacity utilization in the U.S. barely nudged up, from 72.4 percent to 72.6 percent. Capitalists therefore have little reason to build new factories and expand the system for years, keeping job growth substandard for a long time. Throughout this cycle, there will be the continuing shift of high-wage jobs in manufacturing to China and in services to India and elsewhere.

History and Memory Essay example -- essays papers

History and Memory ‘Is there such a thing as â€Å"history† which is more objective than memory?’ For many years now there has been a strong debate, as regarding wether or not there is such a thing as ‘history’ that is more objective than memory. Due to memories completely subjective nature, history although also being somewhat subjective, it is a great deal more objective than memory. To discuss such a statement first one must define the terms ‘history’, ‘objective’ and ‘memory’. The Macquarie Dictionary defines the term ‘memory’ as:â€Å" the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving impressions, or of recalling or recognising previous experiences. A mental impression retained; a recollection.† For the purpose of this essay assume history to be; the knowledge of what happened, the record or expression of what occurred.† The term â€Å"objective† refers to being free from personal feelings or prejudice, unbiased. The idea of objectivity involves a belief in ‘the realit y of the past, and [to] the truth as correspondence to that reality.’ In the light of such definitions memory is entirely subjective, with no elements of objective truth. Laurel Holliday’s book entitled Children’s Wartime Diaries illustrates how memory is composed of and subjective to ones current emotions and circumstances. Caroline Baum in her article The Children’s Ark and Mark Baker in his novel The Fiftieth Gate both use history and memory to reconstruct their parents past. Throughout their journey of discovering their parents’ history both authors discern the subjective elements of memory and discern memories subjective characteristics. Such characteristics as personal recall, bias feelings, fragmentation, gaps, forgetfulness and emotions involved... ...  · http://remember.org/forgotten/index.html  · Burke. P. New Perspectives On Historical Writing, Polity Press, 1991  · http://remember.org/educate/mtimeline.html  · Irving. D. â€Å"Did Six Million Really Die?† http://www.lebensraum.org/english/dsmrd/  · Collingwood, The Limits Of Historical Knowledge, Ashgate, 1984  · Bennet, J. Exploring The Holocaust, Bay Books Pty Ltd, 1981  · Windshuttle, K. The Killing Of History, Macleay, 1994  · Hamilition, P. ‘The Knife Edge: debates about memory and history’, Memory and History in the 20th Century Australia, Yale University Press, 1979.  · Sydney Jewish Museum, 148 Darlinghurst Rd Darlinghurst, (ph) 93607999  · Baum.C, ‘The Children’s Ark’, Good Weekend, November 25, 2000  · Halsey, D. and Johnston, B. Collier’s Encyclopedia (vol 12), P.F.Collier Inc, 1988.

Security Cameras

Security Cameras have become widespread in many countries. Whereas before they appeared only in banks and at the high security areas, they are now entering public places such as malls, streets, stadiums and transport. Many people teel this attects their privacy. Apparently, there are advantages and disadvantages to the use of such devices. Surveillance cameras have several benefits. An obvious benefit Is that the police can catch criminals in the act, thus reduce crimes. This will make the streets safer for ordinary people.A more important point is that criminals, particularly young offenders or petty criminals will be deterred. They will not be tempted to carry out crimes, and thus society will be a lot safer. Cameras are cost-effective and unobtrusive. Authorities do not need to spend large amounts of money on police. However, security cameras are far from being a perfect solution. The biggest objection concerns privacy. Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move a round a shop, a mall, a street or a country without being photographed or recorded.They feel that being watched constantly Is Ilke being In Jail. Another point is that although the police say that only criminals have something to fear from the cameras, many people do not trust governments with too much information. Corrupt authorltles could use Information In the wrong way or twist It to vlctlmlze some groups. Thirdly, cameras and computers can make mistakes. In conclusion, although there are definite advantages to using surveillance devices, we need to balance the need tor security with respect tor individual's privacy and treedom.

Influence of Confucianism on China Essay

Confucianism is a system of philosophy and religious practice that sprouted in China around 500 B. C. E, and which has had a tremendous impact on Chinese culture and politics since. It was created by a social philosopher named Kong-Fu-Tzu, who being convinced of his ability to restore order to the world devised a philosophy of morality and social duty. Unlike other political philosophies of the time such as legalism, Confucius placed importance on proper action through a moral code, not a legal code. This moral code was solidified with the threat of intense shame, both in the eyes of the living and in those of your ancestors who watch over your actions. But in codifying his philosophies in such a manner, he also set his own short-sightedness, misogyny and dated thinking into an immutable morality that plagues the Chinese to this day. It is in this way that any positive characteristics of Confucianism give way to the corruption of politicians and the serious injustice of the concept of filial piety as laid down by Confucius’ disciples. And furthermore, it is difficult to address these issues within the scope of Confucianism because they are the ways of â€Å"ancient wisdom† transmitted by Confucius, and are treated as immutably righteous. So, the injustice of Confucianism and the social disparity it promotes plagued China for millennia even to this day in some respects. Indeed, I believe Confucianism has had on overall negative impact on China. Confucianism, like Hinduism with its Code of Manu, has a hierarchical system that separates peoples into castes ordained by heaven. These castes are slightly less specific than in the aforementioned example, but they are still a very real dynamic in Confucian thought. Each person is considered to have duties to certain people or â€Å"filial piety† (Confucius, 45), a subject must serve his h/er ruler, a child must respect h/er parents, a wife must obey her husband. And though these relationships are reciprocal, as a ruler has a duty also to his subject, they are each organized in regard to a superior to h/er inferior. Rulers are seen as having a â€Å"Mandate from Heaven†, and to disobey your ruler is to bring shame upon yourself and your relatives. So not only was there legal repercussion for disobedience, but also the engrained shame of having disobeyed at all, even if you are being wronged or abused. Besides these stringent class divisions, women are treated as intrinsically inferior to men as a whole, making it exceedingly difficult for Chinese women. Male offspring are extremely important to a family as the Chinese divine heredity through the male parent and a grown son can be considered in breach of his filial piety, and thus shame his family, if he does not give birth to a son. As mentioned earlier, a woman must also obey her husband as part of her filial piety. To do otherwise would be to shame herself and her family. Moreover, a woman’s duty to her family demands that she marry whomever her parents see fit, which makes her beholden to both her parents, and to a man whom she did not choose as her spouse. In the Book of Mencius, it describes women as living through three subordinations, to their fathers as a child, to their husbands as an adult, and to their sons in old age (Lin Yu Tang, 743). All in all, Confucianism served to heighten the struggles of women in an already patriarchal society. Having been introduced to these inequalities in Confucian thought, it may come as little surprise that Confucius described a serious mandate of the state over the individual. Those in such castes as were seen fit to rule over others afforded themselves much power, and little can be done to challenge a hierarchy in which defiance means shame in the eyes of all your ancestors. Subjects owe filial piety to their ruler, and as such a ruler must be righteous in his actions, but is considered the clear superior to the ruled. Should a ruler not fulfill his duties properly, the peasants are still controlled by him. So, while the ruler can break his duties to his subjects and still retain the power to control them, the ruled must risk a great deal in breaking their duties to the tyrant. Thus, the concept of filial piety to ones ruler only serves to embed tyrants, and does not provide any real recourse should a ruler break his own supposed filial piety to the ruled. An interesting example of this sort of filial piety to a ruler can be seen in the Chinese â€Å"Book of Songs†, in which this poem appears in the section set aside for â€Å"folk and peasant songs†: â€Å"To be rejoiced in are ye, noble men, The foundations of the State. To be rejoiced in are ye, noble men; — May your years be myriads and without end! † (Nan-Shan-You-Tai, Poem 172). That such a poem might be considered a folk song seems strange as it seeks only to glorify noblemen. Such is the bias engrained in the poor that the noblemen above them were to be â€Å"rejoiced in†. Another of the most important tents of Confucianism is deference to, and respect for your superiors, especially your parents. Filial piety to ones parents is paramount in Chinese families, and there are many stories of children in ancient times that went to absurd measures to please their parents. Some of the known ways that children have been made to bend to their parents will borders on utter child abuse. One story speaks of a child named Min Tzu-chien who let himself nearly freeze to death to appease a cruel stepmother (Brians, para. 4). Another relates the tale of Wu Meng, a boy in the Chin Dynasty who purportedly let his belly be feasted upon by mosquitoes numbering in the hundreds so they would not feed on his parents (Brians, para. 5). A particularly telling tale of this kind is the story of Kuo Chi, who lived during the Han Dynasty, was very poor, and who cared for his mother and three year old son. He could not feed either fully, and his mother often gave a portion of her food to her grandson so he would not hunger. Kuo Chi having seen this, told his wife â€Å"It would be better if we buried our son. We can always get another son, but it is impossible to get another Mother. † Kuo Chi then dug a grave in which to bury his son, but upon completing it he found a pot of gold which read â€Å"Officials cannot take it, people may not steal it† (Brians, para. 6-7). Kuo Chi was rewarded for his willingness to sacrifice the life of his inferior duty (his son) in favor of his greater duty to his mother. While the level of truth in such ancient stories is suspect, they represent the way in which Confucius’ idea of filial piety could be bent to allow for horrible injustice and child abuse. Confucian disciples also instituted a National Testing System for political office. The purpose of which was to insure that rulers were chosen on merit and not on lineage. But though Confucius advised a thorough education regardless of class, it was simply not the case in much of China. Learning was important, but the poor simply could not afford to give their children the full range of education necessary to succeed in the examinations. China became a watered-down sort of Oligarchy where only those wealthy enough to give their children a thorough education could hope to see their children into public office, and disparity between castes increased because of it. Meritocracy can not exist where equality of opportunity does not. All of these things can be considered unjust, unfair and even despicable in some instances, but the notion of changing them is difficult while maintaining Confucianism because like most philosophy rooted in spirituality, to deny the prophet often is seen as denying heaven. The traditional Chinese were severely limited by Confucianism because they believed any deviance from the righteous way of life prescribed by Confucius could lead to great shame and sorrow, to complacency and stagnation. And yet, Confucianism has continued in China even to modern times, though the Communist Government seeks to be rid of it. New troubles have been loosed because of Confucianism including but not limited to â€Å"sex specific infanticide† in which female babies are aborted in favor of male children because the Chinese Government has placed a cap on the number of children a family can have. The strong preference for male children, fed by Confucianism, is directly responsible for this horror. What new problems these outmoded ways of thinking, thousands of years dated, will bring up no one can tell. But as long as the tenets of Confucianism meet transgressors with shame and derision, it will no doubt continue to have a negative impact on China as a whole. Works Cited Confucius and Jennings, William trans. The Confucian Analects. New York: George Routledge and Sons, Limited, 1895. Waley, Arthur trans. Book of Songs: The Ancient Chinese Classic of Poetry. New York: Grove Press, 1996. Yutang, Lin ed. The Wisdom of India and China. New York: Random House, 1942. Brians, Paul. â€Å"Examples of Filial Piety (14th Century CE). † Reading About the World, Volume I. 1998. Washington State University. 23 Mar. 2006, .

Supply chain management supermarket performance

Supply CHAIN MANAGEMENTAbstractions:The chief intent of the study is to analyse the public presentation of supermarkets with supply concatenation direction and analyse how these supermarkets where able to keep back force per unit area and could win by developing assorted schemes implementes by them. Since Analyzing all the supermarkets is non executable we will analyze how the supply Chian direction helped Sainsbury ‘s during critical times.If we have to analyze the schemes implemented by Sainsbury ‘s during critical times so we have to analyze the Sainsbury ‘s fiscal market during 2000-2003 and 2008-2009. These two clip periods were the critical minutes handled by the Sainsbury. Analyzing the clip period 2000-2003 shows how it could defy the market when they wee on the brink of fall ining in late 90 ‘s and Analyzing th clip period 2008-2009 shows how Sainsbury ‘s were able to efficaciously manage the econimic crisis. A tendency Analysis is done to show the form of Sainsbury ‘s public presentation over the old ages 2005 to 2009. An Analysis of developments in the supermarket wee besides developed for the old ages. In add-on, analysis is done on how the company were ready to confront any force per unit area by the downswing or any other ground. These analysis are really utile inorder to aviod the impact on the fiscal performace. These will atleast assist them to diminish impact of these on the fiscal sector.1.1 INRODUCTION:Definition:â€Å"Supply concatenation direction ( SCM ) is the direction of a web of interrelated concerns involved in the ultimate proviso of merchandise and service bundles required by terminal customers† – ( Harald, 1996 ) . [ 1 ] .It comprises of all activities associated with the flow and transmutation of goods from the natural stuffs phase to supplying it to the terminal user along with the associated information flows i.e. , it deals with the whole proc edure of making each component of a merchandise to the concluding ingestion of the merchandise. Material and information flow both and down the supply concatenation. The ultimate end of any company for utilizing the supply concatenation direction would be to cut down the stock list supposed that the natural stuffs we needed are available. As the figure of companies interested in bettering their supply concatenation direction are increasing many we b based application service suppliers are viing with the package systems provided with web interfaces for the company. These web based application service suppliers are ready to supply all or portion of the SCM services for the companies who rent their service. There are 3 different types of supply concatenation direction flows: The merchandise flowThe information flowThe finance flowThe merchandise flow:It corresponds to the flow of goods to client from provider.The information flow:It corresponds to the flow of conveying orders and updating the bringing position.The finance flow:It corresponds to payment agendas, recognition footings, cargo and rubric ownership agreementsThere are 2 types of SCM software†planning applicationsThese applications analyzes all the different ways to make full in an order and selects the best manner to make full in this order. These applications used advanced algorithms for this.executing applicationsThese applications largely deal with the information on the goods like tracking the physical position of the application, pull offing fiscal information of all the companies involved ( like payments done, payments pending etc. , ) and they besides deal with the direction of the stuffs. In some instances we need supply concatenation direction applications which portion informations both inside and outside the endeavor. For these type of application they are developed from a information theoretical account. Proper information theoretical account is created so that all the inside information of the endeavor will non be distributed to the exterior of the endeavor, To avoid any corruptness of informations this information is stored in database systems or information warehouses. By supplying a agency to portion informations at that place can be immense benefits. These type of applications have the potency to better clip to market of merchandises, they cut down the costs they besides provide aid in pull offing their resources and plan their future demands. As the figure of endeavors turning towards the web sites and for the web based apps are increasing these web sites became a good market places. They are even ready to offer e-procurement market topographic points where makers and providers can merchandise, they besides provide installation to auction commands with providers. An overview of the supply concatenation system can be shown by the undermentioned diagram: beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www-935.ibm.com/services/uk/bcs/html/bcs_scmsol.htmlSome Definitions of Supply Chain:A web of independent or semi-autonomous concern entities jointly responsible for procurance, fabrication, and distribution activities associated with one or more households of related merchandises. — Jayashankar Supply Chain Management is the integrating of cardinal concern procedures across the supply concatenation for the intent of adding value for clients and stakeholders — Lambert [ 1 ] Harland, C.M. ( 1996 ) Supply Chain Management, Purchasing and Supply Management, Logistics, Vertical Integration, Materials Management and Supply Chain Dynamics. In: Slack, N ( ed. ) Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Operations Management. United kingdom: Blackwell. A supply concatenation is a web of installations that procure natural stuffs, transform them into intermediate goods and so concluding merchandises, and present the merchandises to clients through a distribution system. — Lee and Billington A supply concatenation is a web of installations and distribution options that performs the maps of procurance of stuffs, transmutation of these stuffs into intermediate and finished merchandises, and the distribution of these finished merchandises to clients. — Ganeshan and Harrison Harmonizing to Wikipedia.org Supply Chain Management ( SCM ) : Supply concatenation direction ( SCM ) is the procedure of planning, implementing, and commanding the operations of the supply concatenation with the intent of fulfilling client demands every bit expeditiously as possible. Supply concatenation direction spans all motion and storage of natural stuffs, work-in-process stock list, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_Chain_Management ) . Supply concatenation direction encompasses the planning and direction of all activities involved in sourcing, procurance, transition, and logistics direction. It besides includes the important constituents of coordination and coaction with channel spouses, which can be providers, mediators, 3rd party service suppliers, and clients. In kernel, supply concatenation direction integrates supply and demand direction within and across companies. More late, the slackly coupled, self-organizing web of concerns that cooperate to supply merchandise and service offerings has been called the Extended Enterprise. — -Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals ( CSCMP )1. 2 Need for Supply Chain Management:From the past few decennaries there is a rapid addition in supply ironss due to globalisation. The merchandises produced by the companies are no longer confined to a little countries. The globalisation has inceased the extent to which merchandises can be marketed and distributed. Companies have been seeking to market their merchandises all over the universe. As the extent to which the selling is done increases the supply concatenation grows bigger and bigger and becomes complex, this changes demands for the Supply Chain Management. This asks for the alteration in package used for the supply concatenation. In the yesteryear, maketing be aftering deistribution, manufacuring retailing and buying organisations each of the used to be operated independently. Each of these organiations followed their ain programs which produced struggles between the organisations. Most of them concentrated on bring forthing maximal end product so that it would take down costs. They forgot to see impact on stock list degrees and distribution capabiities. And the orders are taken with really small information. All these jobs were because of the ground that there is no intergrated program between the organisations. To work out these jobs a scheme should be made which would supply integrating between all the organisations which is call the Suppply Chain Management.1.3 Development and range of supply chainmanagement:As the suppy concatenation grew longer, the order times and the bringing times additions. These addition in times will do batch of jobs like less production flexibleness i.e. , one time an order is pl aced it is really hard to alter it, and it asks for higher degrees of stock list. Inorder to work out these job we need to rush up the supply concatenation. Even though we can rush up the supply concatenation to cut down these jobs it is non ever appropriate as we keep rushing up the supply concatenation the sum of the job solved lessenings i.e. , after rushing up the supply concatenation to some extent, farther rushing up of it might non give better consequence. When this bound is reached this method no longer works. So we need to alter and reconstitute the supply concatenation. This means we need to discourse and measure and reconsider every strategic degree determination we made before. We can specify the supply concatenation as the flow of information and stuff to and from providers and clients. The range of Supply Chain Management ( SCM ) is to: 1. Reduce the entire supply concatenation rhythm clip and costs. 2. Rushing up the supply concatenation procedure and its flexibleness to clients. 3. Increase the capacity, use, and net income. 4. There are four cardinal rules for SCM: ( a ) Use the most simpler manner of information flow from manufacturer to the comsumer. ( B ) Use the most simpler manner of stuff flow from manufacturer to the comsumer. ( degree Celsius ) Fix a smoothe possible manner of production and use. ( vitamin D ) Reduce the lead times and the demand for stock lists so that there will be adequate clip so work out any jobs if appearedDevelopment of Supply concatenation direction:There are precisely six major motions that can be seen in the development of supply concatenation direction. They are Creation, Integration, and Globalization, Specialization Phases One and Two, and SCM 2.0.Creation:The construct of supply concatenation direction came to great importance with the creative activity of assembly line in twentieth century. During this period the the supply concatenation direction manily needed big scale alterations like rhenium structuring and downsizing driven by cost decrease plans.Integration:The development of Eectronic Data Interchange ( EDI ) in 1960 ‘s and the developmet National Trust of Enterprise Resource planning ( ERP ) systems in 1990 ‘s were the greatest interruption though in this period. However with the usage of internet-based collaborative systems . This period has both the increasing value and cost decreases through integrating.Globalization:This period is supply concatenation direction is used organizatons with the end of increasing their competitory advantage and reduction costs through planetary sourcing. This motion gives attension to planetary systems of supplier relationships and enlargement of supply concatenation direction over national boundaies and over into other continents.Specialization -Phase One: Outsourced Manufacuting an Distribution:During 1990 ‘s companies were concentrating on a apecialization theoretical account. These theoretical account which soleley focal point on the nucleus competences. This manner works for design, manfacture, distribute, sell and supply service for the merchandise. The set of spouses might alter depending on the part and handiness of stuffs. So each merchandise produed may hold its ain alone features. While the industry entirely gets its focal point on the nucleus. It often sells all the non-core operations to other companies increasing the supply concatenation direction.Specialization -Phase two: Supply concatenation direction as a serviceThis motion began in 1980 where industries focused into facets of supply planning, coaction, executing and public presentation direction. The ability to rapidly make merchandises by utilizing the best spouses to lend to the overall valley concatenation itself, which increases overall effeciency. Outsourced engineering for supply concatenation began in 1990 ‘s and chiefly focused on transit and collabpration. It progressed from Application service provide in 1998 -2003 to On Demand theoretical account from 2003-2006 to Software as a Servie modell presently in focal point.Supply Chain Management 2.0This motion describes the development in the supply concatenation direction its methods and tools used in this decennary. Web 2.0 utilizations wolrld broad web that is meant to increase coaction, interction comng users. The nucleus portion of it was to voyage through the information available on the web. It is a way to the SCM consequences, procedures, methods, tools and bringing options to steer companies for speedy consequences due to effects of globalisation and rapud fluctuations in monetary values.Goal and Principle of SCMGoal:Supplying Quality merchandises and support to clients at the least possible sum costSCM Principles:1. Try to cognize th merchandise closest to the clients and velocity transition across the supply concatenation. 2. Pull off the natural stuffs sagely to cut down the entire cost of having stuffs and services. 3. Develop supply concatenation that supports multiple degree determination devising 4. Guage the success of the merchandise making the client efficaciously and effeciently 5. Listen to market vibraphones and alter the supply concatenation consequently 6. Customerize profitableness of client 7. Serve serment customrs based on service needed and accommodate the supply concatenation to function with profitableness.Cycle clip decreases:By sing restraints every bit good as its options in the supply concatenation, it helps to cut down rhythm clip.Inventory costs decreases:Demand and supply visibleness lowers the demands of stock list degrees against uncertainness. Ability to cognize when to purchase stuffs based on the client demand, logistics, capacity and other stuffs needed to construct together. Optimized transit: By optimising logistics and vehicle tonss. Increase order fill rate: Real-time visibleness across the supply concatenation ( alternate routing, alternate capacity ) enables to increase order fill rate. Analysis of the supply concatenation direction can assist to foretell extension of perturbations to downstream.CASE OD SAINSBURY ‘sSainsbury holding repute for its high quality food market concatenation in UK. It was shaws supermarket in the US. In mid 90 ‘s it had a one-year gross of $ 27 billion from 450+ shops, it was a crisis clip of Sainsbury ‘s, everyone thought that Sainsbury may no longer maintain up as most of the market net incomes drifted towards it longtime rival Tesco with besides an competitory force per unit area from Asda. Sainsbury had 11 million clients at that clip who were looking for merchandises with broad assortment of picks and high quality merchandises with good client service but with no higher monetary values. Suppliers were disappointed with the unsteady order flow and the stockhold ers have seen 30 % bead in net incomes. When executives were looking for the grounds for the failures it was clear that they had an outdated supply concatenation direction with 30 twelvemonth old WMS ( Warehouse direction system ) which was non sufficient to manage 2000 providers, 35000 SKU ‘s ( Stock Keeping Units ) and 800 million instances of merchandise each. And the applications developed for the sainsbury where are in developed independently utilizing the available informations. As the figure of applications increased the system grew complex and in one suh instance when a order was placed otherwise all of the terminal systems crashed. Having more than 400 applications developed inhouse which are complex and old was non assisting either. The alteration came in 2000 after Sir Peter Davis joined as CEO. He realized that most of the bussiness is being affected by the IT systems. Davis stopped all the inhouse undertakings and outsourced all the IT map to Acceture. The primary ends were to halve the IT operating costs and bring forth user friendly applications. The transmutation accounted for $ 1.8 billion which would update all the package applications and the hardware and besides provide strong informations security and low cost of ownership. Accenture could non make everything for Sainsbury ‘s. Even though it provided with all the nucleus engineering it was of import that it incorporate all the best engineerings to take down the the efficiency. Sun Microsystems Inc provided the necessary aid for sainsbury ‘s in this. With an experience of developing more than 5000 supply concatenation directions, holding more than 100 package spouses it besides had cutting border engineerings like radio mobility and Auto ID ( automatic designation of parts and matrials ) which fitted Sainsbury ‘s demands absolutely. At present Sainsbury is one of the top three retail merchants in UK. It has more than 800 shops and has a huge sum of online shopping service which offers both the nutrient and nonfood merchandises. It now has around 18.5 million clients every hebdomad of which 100,000 clients are through online. Even though assorted thing accounted for the success of Sainsbury ‘s. There are 5 of import things that contributed greaty to the success1 ) Low cost of ownershipSainsbury placed a bound on the containable sum costs. Accenture provided so batch of nest eggs in hardware outgo by supplying them with the Sun Fire V880 waiters ( waiters that are widely used ffor warehouse direction ) . These waiters replaced all the waiters with all the waiters from all the Sainsbury UK terminals. The entire nest eggs amounted for $ 7.5 million. The IT service costs are besides minimized because of the simple and standardised architecture with V280 waiters. And besides they were operaiting their waiters on solaris OS which is a dependable OS. Which provided for 99.95 % uptime harmonizing to the contract provided by the Accenture.2 ) Partner led concern theoretical accountAccenture and Sun Microsystems Inc. , have greatly contributed to the success of the Sainsbury ‘s While Accenture provided all the nucleus engineerings for Sainsbury ‘s, Sun Mircosystem ‘s contributed for the promotion and easy to managing of all the applications developed. While Accenture was supplying a great trade of flexibleness and great pick, Sun provides aid for to assist clients incorporate and streamline their concern procedures.3 ) Data IntegrationAccenture had done truly one is supplying with the nucleus compenents of the sainsbury ‘s. This can be easy said because non many jobs had showed up while incorporating assorted su pply concatenation applications on top of he Solaris and other Operating system. Sun besides provided the right architecture which helped a batch in supplying the right model. The JES ( Java Enterprise System ) was the in-between bed for all the substructure at Sainsbury ‘s. Which provided services like web entree, individuality direction and directory services. The JES has three cardinal elements ( a ) a new package ( B ) new systemetic attack  © a new concern theoretical account. When the three of these combines we can supply system. Sun worked with SeeBeyond so that it can supply with the simple architecture and besides a flexible 1. The JES provides with a broad assortment of characteristics. JES provided the indispensable constituent like version control, updating at regular intervals of clip which intime reduces the IT operating expense and care costs.4. Robust securityIn early 2000 when Sainsbury ‘s were utilizing the windows Personal computer ‘s the front office was attacked by a worm ( type of computing machine worm which speads quickly to all the computing machines in the web ) . Sainsbury ‘s was out of action for several hours which accounted for a immense loss. If the similar thing happened with the supply concatenation so it can digest it. After this incident Sainsbury ‘s and accenture focused on the security and they replaced all the winows Personal computer ‘s with the stable solaris Operating system and Sun ‘s high dependability waiters. After that Sun introduced several beds of security for beef uping the instance for all the new packages developed like Auto ID.5 ) Open criterionsAll the IT operations outsourced to accenture were to be done in unfastened criterions. So that it would non be a job for future programs. And besides it enables to utilize assorted commerically availble package to be used without minimum issues. Sun suppports all the criterions of Electronic Product Code ( EPC ) which would be really helpful for the future generaion supply concatenation networks.. With the trade made with Intel challenger AMD made the point of unfastened systems, because of the high dependability of UNIX waiters. â€Å"Open systems are the systems that allows 3rd parties to do merchandises that plug into it. For illustration, the Personal computer is an unfastened system. Although the primary constituents are controlled by Microsoft, Intel and AMD, hardware devices and package applications are created and sold by other sellers for the Personal computer. The term â€Å" unfastened systems † referred to the Unix universe because Unix ran in more types of computing machine hardware than any other operating system. â€Å" [ www.your definition.com ] The first stage of supply concatenation transmutation completed in 2004. Sainsbury ‘s incured net incomes in varius sectors and with really flexible and standard systems placed allowed the company to elimiate the compexity of assorted issues and it could cut down the IT operating costs by several creases. During the 2003 financial twelvemonth at that place was a increased gross of 2 % and boosted operating costs by 9.4 % . The online gross revenues grew by 35 % and put a standard land for the coming old ages.Issues faced in 2004:In october 2004 Sainsbury ‘s reported its first of all time loss after a failed IT undertaking. It created a immense tumult in market. Sainsbury ‘s wrote down ?140 million in IT assets and ?120 million in automate distribution. Due to the overhal the stock monetary value hae went really low. To acquire back things to normal it axed 750 caput office occupations while taking on 3000 staff to stock shelves. And the company started to concentrate on reconstructing its IT squad inhouse and dialogues have been done wih Accenture. Sainsbury brought back Swan Infrastructure ( the company apparatus to run transmutation plan ) for ?553 million. Problems with the Accenture started in here when Sainsbury ‘s found that Accenture has been give major responsibilty of all the jobs. And Accenture distanced itself fom the supply concatenation jobs and stressed that its contract did non cover the job countries. Now if we think about how sainsbury survided over old ages and hows it making now we need to cognize how it has gone through the downswing because of the economic rising prices. Which is discussed in the paragraphs belowL Income Statement 2009 ( ?m ) 2008 ( ?m ) 2007 ( ?m ) 2006 ( ?m ) Gross saless 18,911 17,837 17,151 16,061 Gross Net income 1,036 1,002 1,172 1,067 Entire Operating Income 18,968 17,867 17,168 16,062 Balance Sheet 2009 ( ?m ) 2008 ( ?m ) 2007 ( ?m ) 2006 ( ?m ) Good will 114 114 112 109 Stockss 689 681 590 576 Cash & A ; Equivalent 627 719 1128 1080 Entire Current Asset 1591 1610 1915 3845 Entire Current Liabilitiess 2919 2605 2721 4810 Long Term Debt 2,177 2,084 2,090 2,178 Cash Flow 2009 ( ?m ) 2008 ( ?m ) 2007 ( ?m ) 2006 ( ?m ) Net Cash Generated from Operating Activities 1,206 998 830 780 Returns from disposal of Property, works and equipment 390 198 106 164 Dividends paid to stockholders 218 178 140 131 Cash at terminal of twelvemonth 599 601 765 842Sainsbury Key Financial s 2006-2009Beginning: London Stock Exchange ( 2009 ) Despite the trickle in the gross net incomes for twelvemonth 2008 Sainsbury ‘s net incomes continued to increase because of the assorted schemes placed by Sainsbury ‘s. The tabular array shows the Sainsbury ‘s public presentation over the past few old ages. Maclaney and Atrill stated, ‘Profitability ratios provide an penetration to the grade of success in accomplishing the intent of the concern ‘ . The tabular array below demonstrates Sainsbury profitableness ratios. 2009 ( % ) 2008 ( % ) 2007 ( % ) 2006 ( % ) Remarks Gross Profit Margin ( GPM )  § Industry – 3.53 % 5.48 ( 0.14 % lessening from 2008, 1.35 % lessening from 2007 5.62 ( 1.21 % lessening from 2007 ) 6.83 ( .19 % addition from 2006 ) 6.64 GPM increased from 2006 to 2007 by 0.19 % . In 2008, it fell by a border of 1.21 % from 2007. GPM in 2009 continued to fall in little s. Net Net income Margin ( NPM )  § Industry – 0.92 % 3.56 ( 0.59 % addition from 2008, 0.53 % addition from 2006 ) 2.97 ( 0.06 % lessening from 2007 ) 3.03 ( 1.60 % addition from 2006 ) 1.43 NPM increased by 1.60 % from 2006 to 2007. During the downswing in 2008, it fell by merely 0.06 % from 2007. However, it increased by 0.53 % in 2009. Tax return on Capital Employed ( ROCE ) 9.46 ( 2.40 % addition from 2008, 1.87 % addition from 2007 ) 7.06 ( 0.53 % lessening from 2007 ) 7.59 ( 4.70 % addition from 2006 ) 2.89 ROCE about tripled from 2006 to 2007. In 2008, it fell by 0.53 % . In 2009, the house showed the largest addition over the past four old ages.Sainsbury Profitability Ratios 2006-2009Beginning: London Stock Exchange ( 2009 ) The ratios above shows a diminution in profitableness in 2008 when compared to 2007. The ground for the diminution is due to the economic lag of UK which led to the alterations on policies and patterns for a manner to get the better of the rising prices and additions in nutrient monetary values. However in 2009 the profitableness increased by about 3 % overall. This was possibe by inciting the buying behavior of the client ‘s and to pull them by cut downing the wasteges by revamping and intensily increasing publicities. The Gross Profit border decreased somewhat by 1.35 % and net net income border increased by 0.59 % over 2008 and 2009. The return of the capital increased by 20 % chiefly due to belongings disposal and utilizing that to finance the overall operations. From 2007 to 2008 it decreases somewhat due to oil related costs and increased concern rates.Investing Ratio Analysis2009 2008 2007 2006 Remarks Net incomes per portion ( EPS ) 16.60 ( Decreased by 2.50 % from 2007 and 2.6 % from 2007 ) 19.10 ( Decreased by 0.10 % from 2007 ) 19.20 ( Increased by 15.40 % from 2006 ) 3.80 From 2006-2007, there was a 20 % addition in EPS. From 2007-2008 there was 10 pence border between the s. It decreased in 2009 by 2.50 % Diluted Net incomes per portion 16.40 ( Decreased by 2.20 % from 2008 and 2.50 % from 2007 18.60 ( Decreased by 0.30 % from 2007 ) 18.90 ( Increased by 15.10 % from 2006 ) 3.80 DPS remained reasonably stable during the downswing but decreased somewhat by 2.20 % Beta Ratio – 0.73 ( Increased by 0.18 % from 2007 ) 0.55 ( Decreased by 0.28 % from 2006 ) 0.78 Beta ratio showed a little lessening in 2007 but increased by a mere 0.18 % in 2008.Sainsbury Investment Ratios 2006-2009Beginning: London Stock Exchange ( 2009 ) Net incomes per portion fell by 10 pence during the economic downswing and declined farther by 26 % in 2009, therefore stockholders gained lower rate per portion in 2008-2009. Diluted Net incomes Per Share somewhat declined by the same rate from 2008-2009. Beta ratio Tells that the there is a small impetus in the portions when compared to the market since it remains at less than one. In 2008, beta ratio increased a small due to downswing of the economic comditions but still the beta ratio remained under one.Concluding Analysis:Sainsbury ‘s operates in a extremely competittive environment. There are 4 major supermarkets Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury ‘s, Morrisons which account upto 75 % of the UK ‘s market which can be clearly seen in the image below. All the 4 supermarkets follow the same low cost scheme. As the consumers are profiting there is a addition in demand and the net income is steadily increasing. Each one of them is seeking for the short clip schemes so that they can derive the clients. But from the past few old ages the market is steady and there is no impetus towards any supermarket. All o them holding a steady province of market portion. There is neither a lessening nor addition in ther market portion.Market Share of the Too Four Supermarkets in the UKBeginning: www.marketresearch.co.ukChanges in the UK Financial Market:Due to econmomic crisis their were many alterations happening in the market. Addition in unemployment: The UK labour market was badly affected by recognition crisis. This create batch of ballad offs and unemployment increased from April 2008 to september 2008. The figure of unemployment rose to 164,000 which is the highest recording since 1990. The unemployment rate was 5.8 % for these 6 months. Due to this their was a sudden decline on the demand and the market was hit. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economicshelp.org/blog/economics/uk-economy-2009/ Due to rising prices the costs increased and the market shrivel due to less demand as consumers has a hard clip buting things. Due to downswing of the economic crisis the supermarkets can no longer limit themselves for merely a few nutrient merchandises. Their was already a nutrient rising prices which made them look for other merchandises like finance and Mobile and broadband markets. This helped a batch as though there was a lag in nutrient merchandise gross revenues they cold maintain their gross revenues in other countries. In 2008 the supermarket spenf ?123 billion for consumer disbursement while it was merely ?119.8 billion which records a addition of ?3.2 billion from the old twelvemonth. This shows how the supermarkets developed schemes to acquire net incomes even during the clip of rising prices.PESTEL Analysis:PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environment and Legislative. It is a strategic planning technique that provides a utile model for analyzing the environmental force per unit areas on a squad or an administration. PESTEL Analysis of the UK Supermarket Industry 2008-2009 Beginning: www.marketresearch.co.ukEffectss of Financial Market on SainsburyIn 2008 due to downswing the supermarkets deployed several schemes to get the better of the slow gross revenues growing. Some of the alterations in the schemes are discussed below:Effectss of the downswingChanges made to accommodateAddition in unemployment, rise in nutrient rising prices and lessening in disposable income. Household budgets were clearly under force per unit area from the effects of the downswing. Sainsbury had to cut down the cost of necessities and basic merchandises as clients faced the biggest squeezing on income in 50 old ages. Selling scheme shifted to concentrate on cost and their value concatenation was adjusted to better layout, addition infinite, future hedge with providers, and shed off unneeded costs. Customers were demanding low cost merchandises and Sainsbury adjusted to accommodate demands. Decreased Interest rate and decreased CPI one-year rising prices rate. Sainsbury benefited from decreased involvement and CPI rising prices rates as more clients were able to take advantage of lower adoption. Sainsbury took advantage of this by take downing monetary values, and intensified selling of their cheaper ain label goods.Lifestyle alterationsAs the economic system dipped, more people chose to fix home-cooked repasts to extinguish the costs attached to eating out. Penny-pinched consumers depended on Sainsbury to supply low cost veggies and meats from tied in providers.Competitive competition, client truenessFierce competition caused Sainsbury to concentrate on value, monetary value and advertisement while reenforcing first-class client service Sainsbury one-year study ( 2009 ) stated that a clear scheme was developed to concentrate on five chief countries: great merchandise at just monetary values, addition growing of non-food scopes, extra selling channels to make more clients, increase infinite and active belongings direction ( includes dispos al of belongings and investment in increasing infinite in profitable countries ) . Sainsbury increased publicities and marketing schemes such as ‘Making Sainsbury ‘s Great Again ‘ , trueness price reduction cards, online shopping, cheaper and high quality ain trade name goods and addition in engineering and faster check-out procedure clip. They to boot branched out distributing hazards into the fiscal sector, oil-related countries and section shops.Effectss of the downswing on SainsburyBeginning: Sainsbury Annual Reports 2008 and 2009 Logisticss is the direction of the flow of goods, information and other resources, including energy and people, between the point of beginning and the point of ingestion in order to run into the demands of consumers ( often, and originally, military organisations ) . Logisticss involve the integrating of information, transit, and stock list, repositing, material-handling, and packaging.Logisticss direction Logisticss direction is that portion of the supply concatenation which plans, implements and controls the efficient, effectual forward and contrary flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of beginning and the point of ingestion in order to run into clients ‘ demands. A professional working in the field of logistics direction is called a logician.Logisticss Management Software Software is used for logistics mechanization which helps the supply concatenation industry in automatizing the work flow every bit good as direction of the system. There is really few generalized package available in the new market in the said topology. This is because there is no regulation to generalise the system every bit good as work flow even though the pattern is more or less the same. Most of the commercial companies do utilize one or the other custom solution. But there is assorted package that is being used within the sections of logistics. Few section in Logisticss are viz. , Conventional Department, Container section, Warehouse, Marine Engineering, Heavy draw, Etc. The package that is used in these sections is: Conventional section: CVT package / CTMS package Container Hauling: CTMS package Warehouse: WMSBusiness logisticsLogisticss as a concern construct evolved merely in the 1950s. This was chiefly due to the increasing complexness of providing one ‘s concern with stuffs and transporting out merchandises in an progressively globalized supply concatenation, naming for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain Logisticians. This can be defined as holding the right point in the right measure at the right clip at the right topographic point for the right monetary value and is the scientific discipline of procedure and incorporates all industry sectors. The end of logistics work is to pull off the fruition of undertaking life rhythms, supply ironss and attendant efficiencies. In concern, logistics may hold either internal focal point ( inbound logistics ) , or external focal point ( outbound logistics ) covering the flow and storage of stuffs from point of beginning to point of ingestion ( see supply concatenation direction ) . The chief maps of a qualified logistician include inventory direction, buying, transit, repositing, audience and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional cognition of each of these maps so that there is a coordination of resources in an organisation. There are two basically different signifiers of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of stuff through a web of conveyance links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to transport out some undertaking.Production logisticsThe term is used for depicting logistic procedures within an industry. The intent of production logistics is to guarantee that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right merchandise i n the right measure and quality at the right point in clip. The issue is non the transit itself, but to streamline and command the flow through the value adding procedures and eliminates non-value adding 1s. Production logistics can be applied in bing every bit good as new workss. Manufacturing in an bing works is a invariably altering procedure. Machines are exchanged and new 1s added, which gives the chance to better the production logistics system consequently. Production logistics provides the agencies to accomplish client response and capital efficiency. Production logistics is acquiring more and more of import with the diminishing batch sizes. In many industries ( e.g. mobile phone ) batch size one is the short term purpose. This manner even a individual client demand can be fulfilled in an efficient manner. Track and tracing, which is an indispensable portion of production logistics – due to merchandise safety and merchandise dependability issues – is besides deriving importance particularly in the automotive and the medical industry. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Sainsbury ‘s is the UK ‘s longest standing major nutrient retailing concatenation. It started it foremost store in 1869 age-related macular degeneration now it has 500 supermarkets and 300 convenience shops with more than 150, 000 employees. The company besides includes Sainsbury ‘s bank which is a joint venture and besides it provides cyberspace based place bringing service from 165 shops. On avergae it offers around 30,000 merchandises. Since 2004 the figure of stires for Sainsbury ‘s had increased by 30 % . To increase their market evenmore there are 5 things that has been the premier focal point of the Sainsburys from so. They are 1 ) Good nutrient at just monetary values 2 ) Increasing the growing of nonfood merchandise ranges so that to cut down the impact of the nutrient rising prices on the endeavor. 3 ) Advertising the extra clients through convenience shops, onlines based place bringing operations and Sainbury bank. 4 ) In June 2009 the endeavor announced a mark to increase its floor infinite by 15 % by 2011. This 15 % besides includes he 2.5m square pes of the store floor infinite. 5 ) Active belongings direction.Challenges:All on-line operations and supply concatenation are dependent on the handiness of IT substructure. Eventhough the whole company ‘s web is managed externally, it could retain control of its DMZ ( de-militarized zone ) which provides the agencies to associate to the external systems and cyberspace through a unafraid connexion. If any job may happen likebreack of the secure connexion are a job with the DMZ so it could impact all of the online shoppers and besides it would impact on te merchandise stock degrees. With more than 100,000 deleveries every hebdomad Sainsbury ‘s is the 2nd largest online nutrient retail merchant in UK. It represents an of import beginning of income for the company.To manage this a dependable and cost effectual IT substructure is needed for the Sainsbury ‘s online every bit good as for the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations of the supermarket. All the shops, concern centres and catastrophe recovery site rely on the company ‘s web to treat client payments and for internal and external communicating. All tha WANs ( broad aread webs ) and LAN ( Local Areas Networks ) are managed by Sainsbury ‘s web service supplier. It operates a DMZ which acts as a gateway for all the communications that are to be done outside of the endeavor this subdivision of the web is extremely unafraid and protects the nucleus subdivision of the Sainsburys system from all the external menaces. The DMZ web includes more than 100 waiters. These are of import for the Sainsbury ‘s ability that aid in pass oning wit the providers andplace merchandise orders every bit good as for the web based online shopping services. A job in DM web could impact the telling anf receiving of the client orders and procedure the orders. It is one of the beginnings of income for Sainburys where the gross is increasing at a rapid rate, so a downtime could be highly damaging to the repute every bit good as for the future growing of the company. To avoid this job Sainsbury had retained the internal control of the DMZ utilizing a specializer squad who will be responcible for back uping andmaintenance of the substructure. The iteam came with an thought based on CA NSM and older CA web direction option. Sainsbury ‘s demands advanced web direction solution that can supply visibleness of all DMZ devices and still should be able to incorporate with CA NSMsolution:To get the better of this the Sainsbury implemented CA Spectrum Infrastructure Manager which handles 1800devices within DMZ and wider web. This Infrastructure director provides qui vives to any jobs that arise in the DMZ and besides it integrates with CANSm which is used to supervise 1200 waiters within the production environment and centrally consolidate system qui vives. In July 2008 Sainbury deployed CA spectrum Infrastructure director with aid from CA spouse Darasoft solutions. Th CA spectrum substructure director non merely monitors the 1800 deviceswithin DM but besides provides good transperancy and public presentation degrees and besides assist in direction of its outsourcing spouse. When of all time a job is detected in Sainsbuey ‘s DMZ substructure an machine-controlled dismay is raised. The substructure director used even correlationa dn mistake isolation which helps in validatinf tha qui vives and take any unneeded noise. This besides aids in prioritizing the qui vives raised so that the high hazard qui vives will be dealt first and besides it removes any extras generated in the system. The qui vives are routed through a CA NSM, which acts as the retail merchant system directors, It besides handles qui vives from hardware systems and mainframe environments. CA NSM provides a individual interface for pull offing any issues that occur all through over the 1200 production services. This solution is integrated with a service desk system which raises it tickets for high priotity issues. In addtio to alarm the Infrastructure trough besides provides hebdomadal studies for the Sainsburys on the web public presentation and besides elaborate roperts on an ad hoc footing. These are really utile for looking into jobs encountered in the web and besides to heighten the security of the web for illustration utilizing these studies all the unfastened ports in the system were studied and how they are used. With the aid of this all the fresh ports are identified and have been closed. CA spectrum substructure director was besides easy to utilize with one chink interface and is firmly accessed from any desktop in the squad this means that it was able to increase the figure of users intern its assisting to use the resources more efficaciously.Benefit:By the usage of this the visibleness of the full IT substructure had beem improved and it can prioritize its response to the jobs i.e. , it responds to each of the jobs harmonizing to their precedence degrees. By this means the retail merchant can safeguard the handiness and public presentation of the DMZ. This in return ensures that all the on-line orders are processed quickly and the there is no break to the supply concatenation. With the usage of CA spectrum substructure director the Sainsbury ‘s is able to safeguard the handiness and performace of DMZ which besides helps for: 1 ) It ensures that all the 100,000 online orders made are processed promplty every hebdomad. 2 ) Ir provides the entree to e-mail and internet all the clip 3 ) It prevents break to the supply concatenation. The company states that† Many of our operations rely on the DMZ web. By safeguarding its handiness with CA solutions, we can minimise any impact to online shopping and guarantee that our shelves remain to the full stocked†trade with IBM:Sainsbury ‘s has signed a 5 twelvemonth contract with IBM to retrace the supply concatenation. Under the contract the IBM will host a system which replaces bequest platforms with the seller Wesupply. The host system will be made based on the web and vissibility application. By this the supermarket concatenation is seeking to heighten its supply concatenation public presentation and interaction with its 4000 providers. And they are be aftering to put up a existent clip position of supply concatenation performance.And all the electronic information interchange will be changed Inovis. Sainsbury is looking for a advanced It service which would supervise all the position of the orders and better managibility. It should besides should be able to streamline information flows on orders, transporting information and bills. R ve The new platform created will incorporate with the office systems of the company and does the look intoing anf proof of content against concern regulations. If there of all time occurs an mistake or any holds occurred in the information so it would make qui vives and will be sent. And all these qui vives are prioritised depending on their hazard degrees. And the mistakes are resolved based on theit precedence. Harmonizing to Sainsbury ‘s â€Å"the steps will better stock handiness every bit good as client service. â€Å"To support our continued growing, we were looking to heighten our coaction with providers without a important addition in cost, while go oning to present greater intelligence into our supply concatenation, † said Sainsbury ‘s manager of supply concatenation operations Tim Goalen. Even though each supply concatenation has its ain demands and challenges there is a basic form to the pattern of supply concatenation direction. There are five Aress in which each all the supply concatenation direction pattern. Even though each of the companies may look to better one of these countries all the companies who pattern supply concatenation direction work on one of these countries so that they can run into their market demands and operating challenges. And these five countries are1. Production:It is about what merchandises the market desire? what merchandises needed to be produced? how much production has to be done? And by when should they be produced? This All these activities include creative activity of maestro production agendas which will look into the capacity of the works, work load on the machines quality of the merchandises produced and equipment care.2 ) Inventory:Inventory is has an of import it acts as a buffer for the supply concatenation because inmost instances the supply concatenation can non state how much of the natural goods, semi finished goods and to the full finished goods are needed. It will stay unsure in most instances until the production is done. However maintaining a burden of goods in the stock list is expensive so the stock list holds the cardinal facet of how much is the optimum stock list degrees of the goods and the reorder points.3. Location:Where should be the production unit? Where should be the stock list? What is the most cost efficient locations for the production and stock list? Are the current and productions units plenty or should we necessitate new stock lists and production units? Once all the se inquiries are answered they determine the possible waies for merchandise to flux to the concluding consumer.4. Transportation system:How the goods are moved from one unit to the other? What is the best agencies of transit? Transportation system by air and by route are dependable but expensive. Transportation by sea or through rail route is really inexpensive but it takes longer theodolite times and so the transportation times or largely unsure. These unsure times will be okay for carrying the discoverer. So these rail and sea transit is used for carrying up the stock list. And the route and air path is used for transportation of the finished goods. Although these agencies of transit seems to be effectual its ever uncertain how the conditions might originate so what is the better manner of transit is ever unsure.â€Å" 5 ) Information:How much informations should be collected on the production units and stock list units and how much of this information should be shared? Accurate information at the right clip holds the cardinal function in determination devising. With accurate information effectual determinations can be taken like what should be produced? , how much should be produced? And where to turn up stock list and how best will the transit be and the effectual manner for the merchandise flow is taken. By doing determinations based on the above five facets will find how effectual the companies supply concatenation is. The manner the company does the work and the manner it competes with the other companies in the market is all depends on the effectivity of its supply concatenation. Depending on the demand the market companies introduce schemes to function a mass market and vie on footing of monetary value. It would had been better if it had a supply concatenation that is optimized for low cost. If a companies scheme is to vie on footing of client service and convenience so it should hold better supply concatenation optimized for reactivity i.e. , it should supply a speedy response to all the petitions made to it. What a company is and what can it make depends on its supply concatenation and the market it serves.How the supply concatenation plants. ?Production:Production refers the sum of goods the company can do and hive away them. The mills and warehouses are used for these intents . The most hard undertaking that the directors face when doing determinations on production is to decide the tradeoff between reactivity and efficiency. If the installations and warehouses are built large so that they can hold a extra batch of capacity so they will be really flexible and they can react to any order instantly. But on the other manus they cost a batch and besides all the inordinate capacity which we have in the installation has no usage and they can non even supply the gross, so the more extra capacity that exists the less efficient the operation becomes. If the installations are built a spot little so that all the goods would precisely suit in. Then if there is any alterations in the supply concatenation so it would non be plenty. So the installations should non be constructed excessively large that the goods would be of no usage or should non be excessively little plenty they can non non even suit the a few excess in goods. These installations can be built to suit o ne or two attacks:1. Merchandise Focus:A installation that takes a merchandise focal point performs operations to the given merchandise line over a scope from developing of these single merchandise parts to piece all the parts to do it as an entity` 2. Functional focal point:While the merchandise focal point performs all the operation like selects all the group of parts and assembles them together the functional focal point merely performs portion of the operations like merely choosing the group of parts or merely merely piecing all the parts. These maps can be used to make little operations but can make different sorts of operations. While the merchandise focal point attack gives a consequence of expertness in all the maps the functional attack consequences in expertness about peculiar maps. The endeavors should make up one's mind on which attack to utilize whether to gaiin expertness on the given merchandise or to derive expertness on an given map or a mix of the true attack besid es works all right every bit long as the companies demands are approached. Actually the mix of the two attacks will give the companies the capableness and expertness they need to react to client demands. As the mills have attacks likewise the warehouses besides have different attacks. There are three attacks on the footing of which the warehouses are built so that they can suit different attacks:1.Stock maintaining unit ( SKU ) :This is the effectual and easy to understand manner to hive away the merchandises. This attack follows the traditional manner of hive awaying things. By this method all the similar merchandises are stored together.2. Job Lot Storage:In this type of approached based on type of the merchandise the merchandises are divided. In most instances demands for a certain type of consumers are stored together or merchandises related to a peculiar occupation are joined together. This helps in effectual picking and wadding operation but normally requires batch of storage country than the SKU storage attack.3 cross moorage:Wal-mart is the supermarket that first made this attack. By this attack the merchandises are non in the warehouse. Alternatively the installation is used to work on procedure where the goods are arrived. All the procedure is done here where all the provider ‘s arrive and all the unload is done. By this method the big tonss are divided into smaller tonss. By the method ther ailment be many little tonss of merchandises. These smaller tonss are all recombined harmonizing to the demands of the dayand they are rapidly loaded into trucks that deliver these merchandises to the concluding finish.***Inventory:Inventory is installation where all the natural materia cubic decimeter, semi finished goods and finished goods are stored. These stock lists are all over the supply concatenation and they contain goods a that are held by the makers, distributers and retail merchants in supply concatenation. Even though there can be batch of goods in the inventoy the director plays tha major function in make up one's minding the merchandises that will be contained in the supply concatenation. Because hive awaying all the natural stuffs and semi finished goods has no usage and besides that do non supply any gross. So depending the the size of installation and the merchandises available directors decide the stock list merchandises based on the efficiency and reactivity needed by the company. Even though a big inentory costs a batch and is kept every bit low as possible there are three basic attacks to make up one's mind sing the creative activity and retention of stock list.1 ) Cycle Inventory:It refers to that sum of stock list needed to merely fulfill the denad for the given merchandise in the period between merchandise purchases. Most of the companies try to buyimportant goods in majority. The companies make trades for big sums so that they can acquire the goods at a small cheaper monetary values. But the thing is when big tonss of goods are purchased there will be batch of transportation and the transportation costs will surely amount to a batch. Not merely that transporting costs besides account to a batch these transporting costs refer to storem grip and see the stock list. Directors ever face the confusion of which one to utilize whether the decre ased cost of orering or the better proces offered for the merchandise by the company. This increases the transporting cost of rhythm stock list that comes when the merchandises are purchased in a majority.3 ) Safety discoverer:4 ) Seasonal stock lists.