Mrf Tyre Suggestions

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0. 1 0. 1. 1 GENERAL Nylon tire electric stack Nylon tire stack is made from extravagantly tenaciousness round-the-clock fibril story by move and plying. There ar 2 major(ip) examples of nylons utilize as tire cord, i. e. nylon-6 and nylon-6,6. The properties of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 vary marginally and atomic tot 18 controlled by the manufacturing put to work, type of stabilizers and additives employ. In India besides nylon-6 is produced commercially for tire cord. Thetypesofnylon-6 tirecord phthisisdinIndiaargon840/2,1260/2,1260/3, 1680/ 2 and 1890 / 2 where number indicates denier of ply / no. of plies in the cord.The denier per filament is 6. 0. 1. 2 tyre electric cord The a nonher(prenominal) materials utilisationd as tyre cord be cotton, rayon, polyester, fictional character glass, steel,aromatic polyamides. Each of these materials has its own merits and demerits. The major criteria for acceptance of twain material in tyre be its tensile strength, dimensional stability, durability, thermic stability, hysteresis and adhesion. Tests and actual application conditions flip shown that although other cord materials meet ane or much specific requirements, nylon by and striking meets the desirable requirements for or so all the performance criteria. . 1. 3 tires The tyre cord material provides the tyre its fundamental properties such as shape, coat, load carrying depicted object, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance, etc.tera A tyre is a composite of cord and rubber. There atomic number 18 three varieties of tyres viz. bias-angle tyres, stellate-ply tire tyres and bias- pated tyres. They differ in the way the tyre fabric plies are laid inside the tyre. 0. 1. 4 Manufacturing Process The manufacturing address for nylon-6 tyre cord can be broadly divided into interest output signal travel (a) polymerisation of caprolactam to prevarication nylon chips. (b) source and drying of chips. (c) go go around of chips to correct nylon tyre recital. (d) Pre paritytion ofcordfrom tyre recitation by twisting and plying. (e) Recycling of nylon-6 gas. 0. 1. 5 polymerisation Nylon is made by polymerization of caprolactam with accredited additives give care amino acids and dicarboxylic acid salts and certain modify stabiliser such as copper establish constituent(a) compounds. The polymerisation member involves ring opening poly abridgment and polyaddition reactions. All the three polymerisation reaction steps are equilibrium reactions.A typical process of polymerisation of nylon can be all a plug or a unbroken process. The never-ending process, veritable after the locoweed process was commercialised, offers simplicity of convention, ease of surgical procedure and control and high depicted object. An optimal polymerisation process would involve two wooden legs, wherein, the see roughly stage involves pressure at high initial pissing concentration. In the sec ond stage a rapid transition from high water content to a low water content is achieved by release of pressure and subsequent application of vacuum. Industrial stray nylon-6 with intercourse viscosity 3. 2 to 3. has high(prenominal)(prenominal) degree of polymerisation compared to textile grade nylon-6 with relative viscosity 2. 2 to 2. 6. 0. 1. 6 Extrusion and Drying of Chips The nylon chips are rinse to remove water soluble impurities and because dried. The process maybe kettle of fish or unvarying. 0. 1. 7 Melt Spinning The polymer chips are melt in extruder. The molten polymer is then spun through and through a e reallywhererefinementnerette. The molten filaments are quench or cooled by a laminar flow of diffuse. The spin eat is applied on filament and then wound on spin bobbins and pay offn to make tyre yarns. In the formulaic process, the gyrate and potation was done in two steps.In the spin-d unrefined process, a step is edit outd compared to 2-step conventi onal process. As a consequence, somewhat sources of process disturbances are eliminated which results in meliorate yarn constantity. 0. 1. 8 Preparation of Cord Nylon tyre yarns are then twisted in S or Z direction and plied having 2 or 3 plies to form a tyre cord. 0. 1. 9 convalescence of Nylon-6 Waste Depending on the character of waste, any of the pursual method may be used for recycling of nylon waste. Direct use of fibre waste RegrannulationPolymer Powderi) with expose thawing ii) with melting. i) deploymerisationandfilteration i) precipitation from solutions Rec everywherey of caprolactam by deploymerisation. Recovery of amino caproic acid. The first three processes require relatively purer and undegraded form of waste. Amongst the termination two, caprolactam recovery is in the main adopted by Indian industry callable to ease of catharsis of recovered caprolactam. 0. 1. 10 lancinating Materials, (Catalysts, Additives, Spin Finish Etc. ) For nylon-6, the tho majo r raw material required is caprolactam. Water is required as an initiator for ring opening during polymerisation. Nitrogen gas is required for blanketing, drying and im roleing of polymer. 0. 1. 1 Additives/Catalysts Aminoacids and diamine dicarboxylic add salts which provide water on condensation develop been found to be useful for enhancing the rate of polymerisation. 0. 1. 12 Stabilisers Nylon is tractable to degradation by Lght, heat, oxygen etc. To make it desirable for the aspiration of tyre cord, stabilisers are added. The light stabilisers used are manganous chloride + hypophosphorous add and imidazoles. Diphenylamine and acetone condensates give excellent resistance to heat. Copper complexes as halides, acetate, phosphates, salts of high fatty adds corresponding stearates, palmitates, laurates, etc. re quite effective as heat and light stabilisers. Spin Finish The functions of spin finishes are to put down clangoring to bother proper filament cohesion and to pr ovide static protection. Lubricants used to reduce friction are usually mineral embrocates, fatty glycerides. The antistats used to provide static protection are surface active organic compounds. In eggshell of nylon tyre cord, where molten polymer is go throughn in yarn stages and fabric is dipped at a very high temperatures (upto 210 C), gustatory modality has been towards the use of non-fuming type spin finishes. 0. . 14 Major Capital Equipments The major capital equipments for individually section of the mark viz polymerisation, reel, cord making and caprolactam recovery are listed in para 1. 7. 0. 1. 15 phrasement of engine room The tuitions in engine room canbe grouped into the following output development. Development in the polymerisation process. Development in extraction and drying. Development in melt rotate process. A. Product Development Till 1937, cotton used to be the scarcely tyre cord material throughout the world. Thereafter rayon became popular.Subse quently with the advent of unreal fibres, the use of nylon change magnitude, which continues to be used in both the developed and develop countries, other(a) materials used are polyester introduced in 1962, fibre glassin 1967 and steelin 1970. NTC was earlier spun as 210 d-yarn and then plied to give 840 d tyre cord. With the development of engineering science, today, directly 840 d yarn can be spun and then plied to gravel denier ranges of 1260, 1680 and 1890 tyre cord. The denier per filament has however remained fe though some attempts imbibe been made to use 8 deniers filaments also. It has been possible to increase pertinacity from 8 gpd to9. gpd. B. Developments in Polymerisation Process In early process, a relatively crude batch autoclave reactor was used for polymerisation. The V K thermionic vacuum tube reactors for continual polymerisation, were introduced during early 50s. Initially, V K tube reactor had capacities of 1. 5 TPD which has now been increased upto 40 TPD. Over a period of time, number of stages of polymerisation has also increased from one to seven. Continuous developments have also taken place for modifying the design of reactors to achieve plug flow condition and uniform flow and temperature gradient, im put forward residence time, passage rate and quality of harvestings.The distributor points of some such developments are discussed in para 1. 8. C. Developments in Extraction and Drying In this area also, batch type extraction and drying process have been re fixed by continuous processes. Chips are now stored in S. S. tanks and conveyed pneumatically to gyrate section. D. Developments in Spinning Process Melting of chips was done by oil alter grids in the pre-world war era, then by electrically heated grids. In the late fifties a short barrel sock extruder was introduced which is now replaced by longbarrel extruder.Another development is increase in the go around content by increased number of whirl positions and also increased number of ends per reel position. Other improvements are in yarn solidification and quench process, spin finish application methods etc. During late seventies, the spin-drawn process was introduced to get higher productivity and better product. During the same period, high hasten spin around with take up fixture of 3,000 to 4,000 mtrs/min (as compared to upto 1500 mtrs/ min in case of conventional process) was developed. 0. 2 . 2. 1 STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRY AND STATE OF THE cheat Structure of Industry Licensed and Installed Capacity The total licensed and shewed talent of NTC in India at introduce is around 29,500 TPA and 22,500 TPA respectively, as per the details assumption in para 2. 1. 10. LOI / IL have been issued which cover capacity of 54,200 TPA. employment The takings of NTC in India started in 1971 with 595 tonnes and increased to around 23,600 tonnes in 1985. NTC has replaced rayon tyre yarn as tyre cord yarn and market grapple of NTC at symboli se is 75%.Capacity Utilisation The licensed and installed capacity is based on certain denier art object return is of divergent deniers and the product-mix of all patch uprs varies depending on market requirements. However, the overall average capacity use of goods and services ofNTCinIndiahasbeenaorundl05%duringthe pop off quintette categorys. Distribution of Units dynamic NTC manufacturers are public limited companies spread almost all over India with average capacity of 4000 TP A. surgical operation of Industry The output, sales, boodle firm assets, net worth of all the NTC manufacturers show an upward trend.There is a general harvest-home rate of 20% per annum on sales turnover during last tailfin years. Import/Export Import of NTC increased from 1677 tonnes in 1980-81 to 5295 tonnes in 198384 The equipment casualty of NTC at international aim is just half of the scathe in India. This is primarily due(p) to high cost of raw materials, higher renewal costs due to old technologies and wee size of Indian go downs as compared to the plants in developed countries. Due to this, export of tyre yarn from India is negligible. Sources of Technology and their Broad Performance Unitika, Japan has supplied technology and plant to three out of five Indian manufacturers of NTC.The other two manufacturers started with consequenceed plants. The details of these quislingisms are given in para 2. 15. 2. Performance of all the collaborations is satisfactory. Though, native technology comprising of batch polymerisation and conventional spinning process have been developed, none of the NTC plants in India has yet started with such indigenous technology. The up-to-the-minute technologies comprising of multi-stage continuous polymerisation, continuous extraction and drying of chips, spin draw technology or high speed spinning process are not yet unattached indigenously.The new-fangled trend in India to heart to the east for technology may be due to the availability of technology comparable to those available from the west at a lower know how fees and lower plant costs. 2. 2 Technological placement of Indian Industry (Unit wise) The comparison of installed capacities, actual exertion and capacity utilisation and financial analysis in term of net sales, net fixed assets, net profit and net worth over the period of last five years and play specific raw materials and utilities consumptions, wastage generation and recovery etc. for the following selected units is given in para 2. . J. K. Synthetics Ltd. depicted object Rayon Corpn. Ltd. Shri motor Fibres Ltd. Nirlon Synthetics Fibres & Chemicals Ltd. Baroda Rayon sens Ltd. Details of the historical background, sources of technology, investigate and development efforts, results achieved, etc. for each of the above units are summarised hereunder. a) J. K. Synthetics Ltd J. K. Synthetics Limited, pioneer in the manufacture of NTC, have negligent to a great extent the conventional technology over the last 2 decades. The lodge has its own explore insituteThe Sir Padampat Research Centre (SPRC) and has late floated a familyJaykay Tech. hich can supply the conventional technology. As farther as horizontal transfer is concerned, conventional technology developed and engrossed by J. K. has little commercial relevance. J. K. s licenced and installed capacities are 6000 to 5000 TPA respectively. The company has tardily entered into adept collaboration with M/s Tong Yang of south Korea for their latest Spin-Draw technology. The new unitwithacapacityofl2. 5TPDiscomingup. b) The National Rayon Corporation Ltd. (National Rayon) National Rayon commenced production of rayon tyre cord in 1961 and nylon tyre cord in 1976.The company has a skillful collaboration for the latter with Unitika, who have supplied the technology and plant. The company had installed indigenously developed equipment for conversion of polymer waste to granules of spinnable grade. They have successfully indigenised manufacturing of all additives through in-house search as nearly as developing other suppliers. National Rayons licensed and installed capacities are 5,000 and 5,250 TPA respectively. The companys performance during 1983 and 1984 had been adverse due to closure of plant because of labour problems.The production during 1985 to 1988 is much than than the licensed capacity. As a commence of modernisation and expansion programme they have installed spin-draw machines. The spin-draw yarn produced and made into fabric has alreadybeenapprovedbythecustomers. National Rayon have a fullfledged R centre approved by the Government of India and is engaged in deduction substitution, technology absorption, machinery development and scuffle shooting. National Rayon have developed process technology for polypropylene industrial yarn of high continuity and has been veritable(a)ly supplying polypropylene yarn for market development.It has also developed rayon industr ial yarn, an industrial fabric for non tyre applications. National Rayon have recently installed, for the first time in India, air jet looms for making tyre fabrics of high quality. c) Shri Ram Fibres Limited (SRF) SRF s plant for manufacture of nylon tyre cord and yarn was commissioned in 1974 in technical collaboration with Unitika. Companys present capacity is 6,335 TPA. SRF has a fledged Research and Development Laboratory and is constantly updating process methods and technology for product development.SRF have an independent research name withal. A very recent process developed and patented is that for polymerisation of nylon-6,6. d) Nirlon Synthetic Fibres & Chemicals Ltd. (Nirlon) Nirlon commenced production of nylon filament yarn and tyre cord in 1962. The company had recently gone into technical collaboration with baby-walker for an expansion of their nylon tyre cord plant. Their present capacity is 5,000 TPA. pedestrians design is based on multi polycondensation proc ess and individual(a) stage spin draw process. Nirlon has a well established research and development base.The company had absorbed the conventional technology for manufacture of nylon tyre cord and is concentrating in developing and acquiring much modern manufacturing process. e) The Baroda Rayon Corporation Ltd. (Baroda Rayon) Baroda Rayon commenced production of rayon in 1962. Subsequently, the company commenced production of nylon tyre cord in 1981 in technical 8 collaboration with Unitika. Their present installed capacity is 2,000 TPA. intricacy of their plant to 4,000 TPA is under implementation and is expected to be commissionedby end 1987. f) The following new units likely to come up in the near future.The present status / each of these projects is given in detail in para 2. 1. GarwareNylons Limited Presently the company manufactures nylon and polyester filament yarn and is expanding its activities to manufacture nylon tyre cord, nylon tyre and industrial fabric in collab oration with Allied Corporation, U. S. A. , the largest manufacturing business of tyre cord in the world. Century Enka Limited The companys major application is manufacture of nylon and other man made fibres and plastics. Century Enka has a collaboration with their principals Enka International of Holland for the technology for manufacture of nylon 6 tyre cord.The production has commenced recently. Ballarpur Industries Ltd. andE. I. Du Pont Nemours & Co. of U. S. A. They have jointly proposed to promote a Rs. 130 crores joint venture company to produce nylon-6,6 tyre cord for the first time in the unpolished in collaboration with economic development corporation of Goa. An annual production of 16,700 tonnes of nylon-6,6 tyre yarn is envisaged. Kanoria Alkalies & Plastics Ltd They have entered into collaboration for technical know-how, plant and machinery for manufacture of nylon tyre cord with Unitika which has been approved by Government of India. 0. 2. Status of Raw Material In dustry At present but Gujarat State plant food Corpn. Ltd. , Baroda manufacture caprolactam with the capacity of 20,000 TPA in India. Three LOI have been issued by the regime with a total capacity of 2,20,000 TPA. The withdraw projections for caprolactam made by the citizens committee for Perspective Planning of Petrochemical Industry by 2000 AD are 1,16,000,1,96,000 and 3,02,000 TPA for year 1989-90,1994-95 and 1999-2000 respectively. Hence, till the units who have LOI go into production, imports of caprolactam is unavoidable. The quality of indigenous caprolactam in terms of its permanganate no. nd also in terms of consistancy surrounded by confused batches of manufacture is not comparable to that of imported caprolactam. 0. 2. 4 Status of Tyre Industry International There are three types of tyre crook viz. , bias, bias-belted and radial-ply tire. Radial and bias belted construction are more efficient than simple bias construction. In the world tyre market, radial tyres d ominate. They were first inroduced in passenger cars then in commercial vehicles, buses and transport respectively. In U. S. A. market, no rapid change over from bias to radial tyres took place because of the tremendous capital investment required.Instead, belted bias tyres which could be manufactured on existing equipments were developed. The current trends in tyre design and manufacturing include Use of fewer fabric plies in tyres by utilising larger and stronger corduroys. Use of special interpositions in yarn manufacturing of the cord processing to reduce the creep of pile in tyre. Use of newer fibres such as polyester and circumscribed nylons etc. 0. 2. 5 Status of Tyre Industry -Indian The installed capacity of Indian tyre industry is 12 million nos. per annum, the estimated demands of tyres by 1989-90 and 1994-95 are around 21 and 31 million nos. espectively, as per estimates of Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Assocation (ATM A). Preference so far has been towards bias a ngle, because of the practice of overloading practically no care of tyres by owners / drivers and poor road conditions. However, some radial passenger car tyres have also been introduced in the market. Due to the higher melting point of nylon-6,6 and polyester as compared to that of nylon-6, the tyre curing temperature can be increased to 250 C from 210 C (for nylon-6). This would make curing of tyres nimbleer and hence reduce curing cycle.This would result in higher output and also higher productivity. In practice, howevr, fast curing is not realisable in case of heavily duty tyres as the thicklayer of tread rubber will get distortedby fast curing. To take advantage of this higher productivity, the tyre manufacturers will have to install higher capacity curing furnaces, which will require substantial investment. Hence, forward tyre manufacturers decide to install such furnaces, they would like to confirm regular availability of nylon-6,6 tyre cords at reasonable prices preferabl y from more than one supplier. 10The switch over from nylon-6 to nylon-6,6 would also result in more down time in tyre manufacturing. Similarly switch over from nylon to polyester requires change in dip condition, double dip processing and more downtime. Hence, whatever nylon they use, they will use it for 100 % of their requirements. 0. 2. 6 Tyre Cord and its Suitability for Various Types of Tyres Different types of tyres require tyre cords with different properties, indicated in para 2. 12. Radial tyre or belted tyre designs take adavantage of these different requirements by placing different types of cords in the belt and in the remains.As per the test carried out by one of the Indian radial tyre manufacturers, nylon-rayon was found to be the best combination for Indian conditions. 0. 2. 7 Status of Tyre Cord Industry -International Major varieties of cords suitable for tyres are cotton, rayon, nylon, polyester, steel, glass fibres and aromatic polyamides. Although flat spotting shown by nylon was earlier objected to strongly, nylon has continued to be the preferred tyre cord material because of its price and its superior thermal and fatigue resistance.Nylon-6 is used in Europe and other developing countries while nylon-6,6 is more prominent in U. S. A. mainly due to the manufacturing facilities established and availability of basic raw material. During the last ten to xii years development have been largely of evolutionary nature aiming to spank limitations of existing tyre fibres and to make them acceptable for wideruse. 0. 2. 8 Status of Tyre Cord Industry in India Tenacity of NTC available to Indian tyre manufacturers locally varies from 8. 4 to 9. 4 with average value of 9. 2 gpd.The present demand of NTC in India is around 25,000 TPA which is likely to grow to 40,000,50,000 and 61,000 TPA by 1990,1995 and 2000 AD respectively. At least for next 10-15 years, even in case of radial tyres, nylon would continue to remain as one of the components eithe r in carcass or as belt material. With the existing manufacturing facilities, the type of vehicles in use and existing road conditions, nylon-6 will remain the material of choice turf out for a weensy quantity of radial tyres for passenger vehicles where polyester may prove to be superior.At present very little nylon-6,6 is used in India, both for textiles and industrial applications. Besides nylon-6,6 is not produced indigenously. Nylon-6,6 is costlier than nylon-6 worldwide and is likely to be more so in India. Nylon-6,6 is unlikely to be used by tyre companies for their bus and truck tyres 11 (weightage 80%) in near future, mainly due to generation of high shoulder temperature. In view of the above, judicature of fresh production capacities for nylon-6,6 industrial yarn in India may not have much scope considring interest of industry as well as the end-users. . 2. 9 State ofthe Art Scene (International) Twenty five leading manufacturers of NTC in the world are listed in para 2 . 15. 1. SalientFeatures of modern Technologies The technology for manufacture of NTC is standardised as far as polymerisation process is concerned. Product characteristics of different technologies may vary marginally depending upon the type of additives and stabilisers used, design of equipment and control method of production parameters. However, design of spinning plants differs from supplier to supplier.Salient features of contemporary technologies of the following technology suppliers who have supplied/offered technologies to India are discussed in detail in para 2. 15. 2. Zimmer A . G. , West Germany. Lurgi GMBH, West Germany. Unitika Ltd. , Japan. E. I. DuPontDeNemours&Co. ,U. S. A. SniaBPD, Italy. around important features of these technology suppliers are described in subsequent paragraphs Zimmer A. G. Zimmer offers production of nylon-6 in continuous polymerisation operation. The specific Zimmer design allows lower water/chip ratio resulting in a high extract content i n washing water, thus prudence energy to caprolactam recovery plant.The company offers economic standard design for production capacities of 10 to 50 TPD for high viscosity polymer (tyre cord grade). For caprolactam recovery, Zimmer prefers batch operation for higher flexibility regarding quality and capacity. The plant is specifically intentional for low caprolactam concentration in waste water, so that it can be either reused in polymerisation plant, or discharged as destitute waste. 12 For spinning and drawing, Zimmer offers both, the two step separate process and the one step spin draw process. The former process favours production of i) lower deniers economically i) low shrinkage yarns iii) large variety of yarn types. The one step spin draw process favours continuous production of heavier denier yarns in large capacities. It results in improveyarn uniformity. .Lurgi GmbH Lurgi offers both continuous polycondensation and batch polycondensation passage for nylon-6 for use in tyre cord and other technical/ industrial yarn. Lurgi also offers caprolactam recovery unit deploymerisation and condensation plant and equipment for evaporation of the extracted water, treatment of concentrated caprolactam water and distillation.The company offers technology for conventional speed spinning as well as high speed spin draw process. Untika Ltd. , Japan Unitika offers continuous polymerisation process having a pre-polymeriser coupled with continuous extraction, washing and drying of chips. It also offers caprolactam recovery process. In its polymerisation process, Unitika claims 50% prudence in polymerisation time. Viscosity of melt can be familiarised as per requirement during pre-polymerisation. The spinning process offered is both conventional spinning and drawing as well as spin draw process. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. U. S. A. Du Ponts industrial yarn process is based on nylon-6,6 salt i. e. hexamethylene diammonium adipate. The company has rehearse the continuous polymerisation technology and has developed conditions which maximise conversion, maintain exact viscosity control and ensure extended service life. Nylon-6,6 is produced continuously in a series of five vessels evaporator, reactor, flasher, separator and finisher. Streamlined design of polymer vessels and dispersal system minimises gel formation, recapture of heat and diamine and hence reduces cost of run system. 3 Preferred Du Pont technology is based on coupling the spinning machine directly to the continuous polymeriser. It also utilises coupled spindraw. The advantages are excreta of chip making, handling, drying and remelting as also provision of maximum polymer uniformity. Du Pont offers extensively developd quality control and laboratory testing procedures and a single, specially formulated fibre finish for all products. SNIABPD SNIA is an Italian company giving process knowhow, plants and equipments for manufacture of nylon filament yarn and tyre cord.The co mpany has the spin draw technology. 0. 2. 10 Latest Developments in Manufacturig Process/Design of Equipment Product Development new-fashioned developments have been in the areas of improved dimensional stability of the cord, higher tenacity of tyre cords and improved heat stabiliser formulations to reduce the mechanistic loss due to heat generation in tyres. Improvements in Polymerisation Process Recent developments in this area include attainment of higher molecular weight by vacuum finishing, solid phase poymerisation to get final polymer free of extractables etc. addition of chain coupling agents. Other significantadvances includes For removal of unconverted monomer For lower train of water extractables in nylon polymer For improved flow and temperature distribution For transferring heat to the centre of the reactor and also to compare flow rates Improvements in Spinning Process The developments are enjoin to achieve higher spinning output upto 97% and to spin NTC of high molecular weight and melt viscosity to have high tenacity tyre cord upto 10 gpd. 0. 2. 1 Critical Evaluation of coetaneous Technology During initial stage the technology of the synthetic fibre remained with only(prenominal) a 14 Falling film / spray reactors, reactorsworkingundervacuum. Organic polymer coating, internally, ofVK tube reactors. Incorporation of a tubular heat exchangerinthereactor. Provision of perforated plates and good aluminium partitions. few giants in the category of front line producers. Because of their button-down attitudes, no rapid technology changes were forth coming.However, the role played by the independent engineering companies which took the risks has been a great boon in the development of technology. Technology suppliers can be broadly classified as front line suppliers having production back up like Unitika, Du Pont etc. and engineering companies like Zimmer, Lurgi, etc. Technology from front line producers is superior technology, requiring less (prenominal) time and wastage generation during production stabilisation at plant delegation stage. However, know-how fees of these suppliers is higher compared to that of engineering companies.Engineering companies have vast experience in plant erection, basic and minute engineering. Know-how fees of these companies are comparatively lower. The present trend is to look to the East for technology compatible with that of western countries as it is more economical, although of late, they too are becoming expensive. A project profile based on the typical offer of contemporary technology for a 6,000 TPA NTC project is placed at Annexure I. Instead of putting up many small size plants, it would be advisable to put up a few large size plants for economy of scale.The improvement in quality of polymer is a developmental activity which is continuous at international level. Indian companies should also enterprise to improve quality by adopting new engineering and equipment development eithe r through their own R department or through their technical collaborations. New and better type of additives and catalysts development at international level should be incorporated by the Indian companies. Spinning plants having higher spinning efficiency and compactness, are always advisable for a country like India,to reduce the cost of production.One step process of very high spinning speed to make full drawn yarn may not be relevant in India, as at present most of the weaving and cord preparatory processes are of conventional type. So the perfect thing would be to change over to readily available higher throughput equipment. 0. 3 0. 3. 1. TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION AND GAPS R Efforts in National Laboratories/Institutions and Their touch base Up With Industry Institutions like IIT, S ASMIRA, MANTRA etc. , private research institutions like 15 Sir Padampat research Centre, Shri Ram Institute of Industrial Reserach etc. nd in-house R centres of manufacturing industry are engaged in m inor research projects for optimisation of production parameters or improvement of product characteristics. ontogenesis countries like India although gradually laying more emphasis on its research and development, have not been able to catch up with their developed or mature counterparts i. e. there is a considerable time lag between adoption of any particular process in some advanced part of the world and its commissioning in India. The efforts made to bridge this perturbation in the following areas are as folio ws Indigensation of capital equipments, spares etc.Indigenisation of raw materials. Modifications and improvements in process, plant and equipments. The major constraint faced by manufacturers of indigenous equipments and spares are non-availability of design and detailed engineering drawings. patented designs of proprietary equipments by technology suppliers, sources of capital equipments recommended by technology suppliers, limited indigenous demand of such equipments. 0. 3. 2 Indian Standards Specification As a part of standardisation, the Bureau of Indian Standards has developed IS Specifications for methods of tests for tyre yarns as per the following details.IS4910 severi social occasion II Partlll Part IV Part V PartVI Tyre yarns, cords and tyre cord fabrics made from man made fibres, methods of tests for. Linear density. faulting load, elongation at break and tenacity. Dippickup Heat shrinkage and heat shrinkage force. Wet contraction and wet contractive force. Definitionofterms. 16 Part VII Part VIII Part IX PartX Part XI Heat degradation. heaviness (gauge) Sampling Growth Commercial weight. The specifications of polyamide tyre cord warp-sheet for self-propelling tyres published by the bureau is, IS 119261987. The specifications are given in display board 4. . 3. 3 Profitability of Indian Industry and its Relationships with Technology At present the profit margins of NTC manufacturers are fairly satisfactory, even with the present conve ntional technologies and small capacity plants. Interaction with user industry by NTC manufacturers is also quite good. However, the constraints in respect of technology absorption faced by Indian NTC industry are low capacities of plant. imported capital equipments, parts and spares, non-availability of ingenious technical manpower, poor labour management relations. . 3. 4 Export Performance Due to high cost of raw materials and also higher conversion costs due to small capacity plants based on honest-to-god technologies, the Indian NTC industry has not been able to contribute in the export market. 0. 3. 5 Comparison of Product Specification Between Units In India, the product range and specifications of all the manuacturing units is almost identical. 0. 3. 6 Modernisation Need As mentioned earlier, cost of production of Indian NTC industry is higher due to small capacity plants based on older technologies.There is an urgent need to rise these plants to adopt most advanced techn ologies and a much higher level of operations. 17 However, for such modernisation substantial funds willlbe required. Financial Institutions are giving soft loans under technology development funds and industries have started taking advantage of this scheme. 0. 3. 7 Technology Gap Technology gos in following areas have been identified and discussed in para 3. 9 Product developments Plant capacity Polymerisation process Melt spining process natural manufacture of plant and equipments Indigenous availability of raw materials, additives and spin finishes etc.Internationally, cords with yams having 8 deniers per filament and upto 3,000 deniers of cords and 11 gpd tenacity are available, while in India cords with yarns having only 6 deniers per filament and 9. 2 gpd tenacity are manufactured. The average plant capacity of NTC in India, till 1983, was 2,000 TP A against the defined economic size of plant of 6,000 TP A. Polymerisation Since the modern continuous polymerisation, extractio n, washing and drying systems are suited to large capacity, till recently only conventional batch processes were used.Further, continuous polymerisation lines eliminating chip formation (especially in nylon-6,6) and remelting are not in use at preesent, in India. Melt spinning More efficient large capacity spinning equipments are being used in the world. These have sophisticated yarn perception and supervise systems and hence the quality of yarn is much better with higher throughput. Such latest spinning processes are not available in the country and such technology is now being imported. 18 Reasons for technological gaps are sellers market situation large number of small capacity plants. otalabsence of exportmarket. good financial performance of Indian Industry even with the available technologies. general / absence of R&D efforts and know-why exercises, limited developments in the Indian automobile industry, lackof product upgradation at tyre manufacturers end. To bridge the tec hnological gaps, import of latest spinning equipments and process know-how for spin draw and high speed spinning process, designs and drawings for modernisation of existing polymerisation processes are required. 0. 4. 0 SUGGESTED travel TO BRIDGE TECHNOGICAL GAPThe following suggestions are made to bridge the technological gap a) Latest technology comprising of continuous polymerisation in two stage V K Tube reactors, continuous extraction and drying of chips, spin draw technology or high speed spinning processes for fully point yarn may be imported and horizontally transferred in India. Although some pilot units have been installed by spinners, the industry seems to be waiting for customers acceptance. b) Develop indigenous manufacture of selected equipments, wherever it is economically viable and import only latest plant and equipments on selective basis. ) Develop basic and detailed engineering expertise in Indian engineering companies to necessitate import of only design and d rawings for new plants rather than package import. An engineering nerve having expertise in basic and detailed engineering should be boost for development and transfer of technology for NTC and related products. d) Widen R&D efforts both at industry and research institutions level with active acquaintance and close cooperation between them. e) admit necessary incentives to indigenous development of manufacture of plant and equipment. 9 f) Permit only large sized plants. g) Provide incentives for intensified research activities at industry level with close monitoring of such incentives. Establish a central tyre research institute with facilities to test developments in new designs of tyres, new tyre cord materials and modifications in tyre cord materials. Develop skills in technical personal, by recording training abroad or by arranging traimng programmes by institutions like IIT, S ASMIR A, etc. and constant interaction with foreign experts. 20