Heat of Fusion of Ice Discussion of Theory

Heat of Fusion of Ice Discussion of Theory Measuring the specific latent heat of fusion of water (ice): Introduction In our daily lives, heat can be found in everywhere. Cooking food heat is needed, it also makes people feel warm and produce more energy. Therefore to know the specific latent heat of fusion of water, both we need to know process of the heat was transferred and kinetic energy.The aim of this experiment was to find out the specific latent heat of fusion of water and steam. First of all, heat is a kind of energy, which transfers from one object to another because of their different temperatures. The SI unit of the specific latent heat is joule per kilogram (J kg-1). The specific latent heat of fusion which is the unit used to calculate the energy need to change unit mass of a substance from a solid into a liquid without in temperature. The equation Q=ItV=ML was used to calculate the energy needed from solid to liquid. Where Q is the heat supplied; m is the mass of the solid, L stands for the specific latent heat of fusion. However, in this process, first to be calculated the energy sup plied to the heater and divided it by the mass of ice melted by the heater to find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. Next is the specific latent heat of vaporization, which was used to calculate how much heat energy for a substance need to change units of mass from liquid into vapour without in temperature. It also defined as the equation is Q=m lv +h â€Å"where lv represents the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid and h is the heat lost from the ‘jacket in time t†. Duncan (2000: 69). Finally, calorimeter is just a kind of equipment which uses to measure heat. There are some equations were use in the result calculation. The basic theory of the simple experiment is as above.MethodsPart.1 the specific latent heat of fusion of iceThe equipment of this experiment was two funnels and two barrels, an ammeter and a voltmeter supplied. Firstly, two funnels were filled with crushed ice, and then the heater was put in one of the funnels and left them both for five minutes. During these, the heater reached the temperature of the ice in order to change the ice to water quickly. Next, while turned on the heater, the value of voltage and current were recorded. After recording the values, the mass of water was measured that caught from each funnel in five minutes. Finally, after getting the values of masses, voltage and current, the calculation was done.Figure 1, more ice melts in the side with the beaterPart.2 the specific latent heat of vaporization of waterFinding lv can be done using the equipment below in figure 2. First of all, put a measuring cylinder on a top pan balance and surround the cylinder with lagging. The inside aluminium metal container was measured by electronic balance and the lid keep open. After the measuring cylinder was filled with water, the power was turned on to supply. Then wait the moments until the water came back to the boil. After the water was boiling, the mass of water was recorded and the clock was started. Thirdly, the p ower supply was connected and the power was set to 1100w. Finally, a little of the water in cylinder was emptied to become steam and the mass of water also was recorded. The apparatus in this experiment as in figure 2.Figure 2, the boiling water in measuring cylinderResultsPart 1. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice.Table.1 The measurement of latent heat of fusion of ice.The ice with heaterFunnel without heaterMass of cup (g)7373Mass of cup with water (g)9383Mass of water (g)2010Table.1 shows the measurement of latent heat of fusion of ice. The masses are measured by electronic balance; the current of the circuit is 1.5A and the voltage of the circuit is 6V.The error of mass:  ± 1gThe error of heat:  ± 10JPart.2 the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.M1 ( the boiling water)M2 ( after 3 minutes)100049Table.2 The data of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.Table.2 shows the data of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water which is the difference of the masses of water. In the experiment, the mass of the balance is 79g; the temperature of the water is 100â„Æ';the power of cylinder is 1100W; the time is 3 minutes. And the error of the mass is  ± 1g.DiscussionThe specific latent heat of fusion of ice and the specifi c latent heat of vaporization of water are calculated by the measurement in the tables of result section. The calculation of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is as follows. Heat lost by water is equal to the mass times the specific latent heat of fusion and the equation is VtI=ML, M is mass of water in difference, t stands for the time taken for heat the ice and L is the latent heat of fusion of ice. ThereforeL ==∠µ=2700J ∠´L=2.7Ãâ€"105Jkg-1 and it is not very similar to the exact value of the latent heat of fusion of ice, which is 3.3Ãâ€"105 Jkg-1. Next part is the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. The heat gained to the water and the cylinder is equal to the work down by the circuit which is 1100W, E=W Ãâ€" t=M lv, which E is the energy gained to the water and the cylinder, M is mass of balance, lv represents the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. From the equation just above, therefore Lv= => and then Lv =2.5Ãâ€"106 Jkg-1. It is also not very similar to the exact value of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water, which is 2.3Ãâ€"106 Jkg-1.According to Duncan (2000:68) â€Å"the kinetic theory sees the supply of latent heat to a melting solid as enabling the molecules to overcome sufficiently the force between them for the regular crystalline structure of the solid to be broken down. And when vaporization of a liquid occurs a large amount of energy is needed to separate the molecules and allow them to move around independently as gas molecules†.

Globalizations effect on the Indian Economy

Globalizations effect on the Indian Economy Globalization has been a historical process with ebbs and flows. Growth of globalization was mainly led by the technological forces in the fields of transport and communication. There were fewer barriers to flow of trade and people across the geographical boundaries. Indeed there were no passports and visa requirements and very few non-tariff barriers and restrictions on fund flows. India too is no exception to globalization. The Indian Economy witnessed major changes in the 90s.The main aim was the rapid growth of Indian economy to make it globally competitive. The Indian economy was in major crisis in 1991 when foreign currency reserves went down to $1 billion inflation was as high as 17%. Due to globalization, in Indian economy it affect not only to agricultural production but also employment opportunities in the rural parts, inequality between urban rural areas. Globalisation is conceived as a powerful transformative force responsible for a massive shake-out of nations, economies, international institutions the whole world order. Thus, we can say that the higher the level of international corporations/transactions, the higher will be economic growth, income level living standards the globalization process would bring. Globalisation has brought many jobs large sums of investment to India. Indias economy has been growing at exceptional rates for the past several years many new opportunities have opened up for India. Yet, India does remain quite poor. Most of those who profit from globalization in India are the upper classes, with many in the lower classes being displaced suffering from miserable labor conditions. Globalization has created a large economic boom fo r India with largely positive effects. At the present, we can also say about the tale of two Indians. We have the best of times; we have the worst of times. Globalization of financial markets has far outpaced the integration of product markets. There is sparkling prosperity, there is stinking poverty. We have dazzling five star hotels side by side with darkened ill-starred hovels. We have everything by globalization, we have noting by globalization. There are numerous advantages in the shift to a global economy including the possibility to increase benefits from economies of scale. The breaking down of global barriers allows companies to benefit from the largest cheapest workforces, raw material, technology. Due to globalization, in many areas of the country tomato growers, potato growers fruit growers, farmers benefited from tie-up collaborations with ketchup, potato chips, fruit juices etc. Fishermen in Kerala have increased their incomes using mobile phones to find out the best markets where the prices are highest on each day. Lock outs strikes have declined to insignificantly low levels because industrial labor is happy. Due to Globalization the business market in the world has no boundaries; they can market their products in any part of the world. This has involved the chances of laying hands on global market technologies, which would definitely increase our qualities of living standards. Globalization helps Indian En trepreneur to know more about the competitors, recent trends, Quality of products. Helps in sourcing new technology for improving their Brand Quality. Hiring competent person irrespective of the nationality. Good exposure of Indian brands to overseas market. Due to increase in healthy competition with other brands, Indian brands will be forced to improve their quality and services to the customer. It aims at increasing the production of food and improvements of the economic and social condition of farmers. It would increase efficiency of the workers. Use of seeds and heavy machines has help to increase agricultural productivity. It would improve animal husbandries would be able to import good breed of animals from the other countries. Farmers will get the privilege of the international market through export agricultural products. The various beneficial effects of globalization in Indian Industry are that it brought in huge amounts of foreign investments into the industry especially in the BPO, pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. As huge amounts of foreign direct investments were coming to the Indian Industry, they boosted the Indian economy quite significantly. The benefits of the effects of globalization in the Indian Industry are that many foreign companies set up industries in India, especially in the pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing, and chemical sectors and this helped to provide employment to many people in the country. This helped reduce the level of unemployment and poverty in the country. Also the benefit of the Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that the foreign companies brought in highly advanced technology with them and this helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically advanced. Since 1991, India has witnessed an explosion of new media. Be tween 1990 and 1999, access to television grew from 10% of the urban population to 75% of the urban population. Cable television and foreign movies became widely available for the first time. 1) Indian Agriculture: Indian farmers are offered no subsidiaries compared to the US Farmers. There has been no encouragement from the government to ensure foreign companies to set up technologies for the farmers assistance. The US Farmers has opened the market for textile China has already set up factories started production where in India hasnt woken up. On the other side of the medal, there is along list of the worst of the time, the foremost casualty being the agriculture sector. Agriculture has been still remains the backbone of the Indian economy. It plays a vital role not only in providing food nutrition to the people, but also in the supply of raw materials to industries to export trade. The financial capital of India the political of India are set to become the topmost slum cities of the world. 2) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate: The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavorable domestic external developments, Domestic O/P DD conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the post two years. The rate of growth of GDP of India has been on the increase from 5.6% to 7% in the 1993-2001 periods. The sectors attracting highest FDI inflows are electrical equipments including Computer software electronics (18 %), service sector (13%), telecommunication (10%), transportation industry (9%) etc. 3) Export Import: Indias export import is increasing many Indian companies have started becoming respectable players in international scenes. There are two alternative causes available. To sell its product in the export market. To produce those type of commodities that the rich in India could consume i.e. luxury consumption goods. 4) Technologies: IT is given special status. The reason for this is because the Indian government wants to promote it-s nation a as a technological advanced nation and in order to do this they must stimulate the IT sector. The special status- means the sector and investors (willing to invest in the sector) will receive many benefits and incentives from the government to do so. 5) Poverty: The government of India has shown decline in people living in absolute poverty by manipulating statistics. The decline happened when large number of industrial units has been closed down, number of days of work available to workers has declined, downsizing of manpower had taken place in most of the industrial undertakings and non-availability of jobs to the new entrant in employment market is witnessed. Besides, there is an all round decline of prices of agricultural products, forcing farmers to suicide. In sectors like plantation and tea, workers are virtually starving. It is just not possible that people living in absolute poverty can decline in the country under these circumstances. 6) Education: The growth of higher education and the impact of the global economies have influenced the Indian education system over the last few years.

History of Hearing Aids Essays -- Sound Deaf

The story of the hearing aid depicts one of the most ridiculous timelines of technological advancements in all of history. Although we modernly think of a â€Å"hearing aid† as a small device which is inserted into the ear canal, the reality is that a hearing aid is â€Å"an apparatus that amplifies sound and compensates for impaired hearing.† Thus, I invite you to expand your mind, and draw your attention to the intriguing, and absolutely absurd, timeline of the hearing aid. The most common model of the ancestral hearing aid is that of the simple ear trumpet. This was a small, pipe-looking device which was carved from either bull’s horn or seashell, and was held up to the ear in order to amplify sound. The audible result of such would have been much like cupping your hand around your ear. The next advancement, used in the late 1700s and the early 1800s, was that of the acoustic throne. As these were quite costly to make and buy, they were typically used for royalty and other elites. The arms of the chair were hollow, with a long tube connected to a resonator located wit... History of Hearing Aids Essays -- Sound Deaf The story of the hearing aid depicts one of the most ridiculous timelines of technological advancements in all of history. Although we modernly think of a â€Å"hearing aid† as a small device which is inserted into the ear canal, the reality is that a hearing aid is â€Å"an apparatus that amplifies sound and compensates for impaired hearing.† Thus, I invite you to expand your mind, and draw your attention to the intriguing, and absolutely absurd, timeline of the hearing aid. The most common model of the ancestral hearing aid is that of the simple ear trumpet. This was a small, pipe-looking device which was carved from either bull’s horn or seashell, and was held up to the ear in order to amplify sound. The audible result of such would have been much like cupping your hand around your ear. The next advancement, used in the late 1700s and the early 1800s, was that of the acoustic throne. As these were quite costly to make and buy, they were typically used for royalty and other elites. The arms of the chair were hollow, with a long tube connected to a resonator located wit...

Genocide Essay -- History, Hitler, The Holocaust

Living through genocide is a horrific tragedy that no one should ever have to endure. While there have been numerous genocides within the last century, the holocaust was a genocide that killed over 12 million innocent people and segregated them by religion, sex and age. Since the end of the holocaust, many survivors wrote their stories accounting the horrific lives they led, while some eliminated parts of their story, others felt that it was necessary to show the entirety of what had occurred. With these first hand accounts, the reader is able to see the differences between how men and women lived their everyday lives as well as how they were treated by Hitler’s regime. In Elie Wiesel’s, Night, and Sara Nomberg-Przytyk’s, True Tales from a Grotesque Land, Auschwitz, men and women prisoners lived lives that the everyday reader would find impossible. By reading these accounts, the readers can question themselves as to why this occurred as well as to why it matter s. While people heard stories about the atrocities that were going on within the camps, many families did not want to believe them. Other families did not want to immigrate into other countries that were considered safe because they felt that they were too old to start a new life in a new country. Entering the holocaust at a young age, Elie Wiesel’s only reliance was his family. Separated from his mother and sister as soon as they arrived at the camp, the only person he had by his side was his father. Having to depend on his father, Elie made decisions that would benefit them as a pair such falsifying his age when he entered the camp. By making these decisions there would be a better chance that they would be able to stay together as a family. After entering the camp... ...and terrible sores all over their bodies† (Nomberg-Przytyk 95). With the author stating that she still had a heart makes the reader understand that people truly cared about others inside the camps, they did not want others to die. Throughout the holocaust, men and women prisoners lived lives that the everyday reader would find impossible. While men and women were treated differently during the holocaust, the overlying image of genocide is what is important for people to learn about. By reading Elie Wiesel’s, Night, and Sara Nomberg-Przytyk’s, True Tales from a Grotesque Land, Auschwitz, the reader is able to answer why reading the stories of the past still matter. By preserving the history of the men and women within the holocaust, the following generations will be able to remember the 12 million people killed during Hitler’s regime.

Iagos Motivations :: essays research papers fc

Every good play has a great villain. Othello by William Shakespeare is no exception. In writing Othello, Shakespeare took characters he had gotten from an Italian short story, and developed them further. I would not say Shakespeare created Iago, but he definitely made Iago the evil man that everyone knows him to be. Iago may be one of the greatest villains of all time. He was honest, loyal, and brave in all of the other characters’ eyes. However, in reality he was a cruel, deceitful, immoral man. As with every great villain, Iago had to have been motivated by something. Although it is debatable, I believe the main motivation behind his villainy is his repressed homosexuality, and his attraction to Othello.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different views on what motivated Iago to set out to destroy so many innocent people. Many critics argue the not being promoted is his only motivation. Clearly, Iago’s ego was shattered when he was not promoted, however, it seems to be just another excuse for hating Othello. Thomas Wilkes believes that Iago’s motivation for wanting to destroy Othello was based only on him not being promoted to lieutenant. He says that Iago had â€Å"no other real motive for his villainy.† Wilkes recognized that Iago stated other possible motives, but argues that he only used them to deceive Roderigo. Wilkes’ opinion is a very popular one, but I believe that the real motivation is more complex than his not being promoted. If that was the only reason, why did he not stop scheming after Othello made him lieutenant?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stanley Edgar Hyman believed that Iago was just plain evil. Actually, that he was, in fact, Satan. He says that Iago is motivated by the fact that he is Satan or a figuration of Satan, eternally fixed in posture of hatred of God and envy of man. He wins the souls of men by promising to gratify their desires: Roderigo’s for Desdemona, Cassio’s for his return to favor, Othello’s for certainty (perhaps the certainty of guilt). (Hyman 29) Iago manipulates these people so easily. He actually does, in some way, take their souls. Roderigo dies, Cassio gets torn from his lieutenant position, and Othello kills his wife and himself. All of them are ruined by the end of the play, and it was all Iago’s plan. I agree that yes, Iago is evil, but in no way do I think he is Satan.

Analysis of Different Social Networking Tools Essay

Social network is a social structure made up of many actors, for example firms, or people which are all tied up in relationships, connections, or interactions(1). The social network perspective is made up to employ the structure of a social group, how they interact with each other, how this structure has an influence on other variables and how it changes as time passes. What is Social Networking Analysis? Social network analysis is the mapping and measuring of all the factors that make up the social network, it is the measuring of relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, computers, URL, and other connected information entries(3). The nodes in the network are represented as people and the links show their direct relationships with each other. To have deeper understanding of networks and their participants , we evaluate the location of actors in the network which basically means finding the centrality of a node . These measures give us insight into the various roles and groupings in a network — who are the connectors, mavens, leaders, bridges, isolates, where are the clusters and who is in them, who is in the core of the network, and who is on the periphery? In order to evaluate and understand these networks and the relationships between their actors we use social network analysis tools. We will be discussing three different SNA tools, compare between them, talk about their main features, and their pros and cons. UCINET: Features: UCINET is one of the top software packages used for analyzing social network data, it is a downloadable software program that can read and write social network data files, and it is primarily used in academic environments and also by consultants that have developed customized versions of the software to suit their specific need(5). Net draw is a program that accompanies UCINET upon download and is used to read and display network visualizations, not only that but the UCINET file formats are compatible and can be used with a number of other analysis and visualization platforms. Pros: UCINET comes with many advantages, it has significant compatibility to import data from many different files format, including excel , it also supports more complex types of network analysis and the accompanying tool Net draw is able to handle very large files. Finally it is compatible like stated above with many different visualization platforms. Cons: The disadvantages of UCINET start off with the fact that is more difficult to use it with the simple social network analysis tasks as it is intended to be used with the more sophisticated types of network. Online help resources also seem intended for the more experienced, sophisticated types of audience as one must have prior knowledge of the software in order to follow. Net draw’s visualization does not allow formatting of output of data also during viewing of the social network it is difficult to filter data. Nit miner: Features: Net Miner is a premium software tool for Exploratory Analysis and Visualization of Network Data(4). The tool allows you to explore your network data visually and interactively, and helps you to detect underlying patterns and structures of the network. The tool is intended to handle large amounts of data and enables the user to conduct both simple and more advanced types of analysis, including a number of statistical procedures. The data generated from Net miner can be visualized based on several different types of network visualization and algorithms and statistical results can be charted using graphs which shows that the data produced can be easily interpreted into many outputs. As you can tell Net miner is a very user friendly type of tool and also statistically powerful, it is suitable for a large range of audiences including, corporate, academic, and general consumer use. Pros: As stated before Net miner is very user friendly, it comes packed with a convenient and intuitive user interface which provides as a nice advantage for less experienced types of users? The user support is another strong area as help files are provided into the platform as well as documentation on how to use the product which can be found online on the publisher’s website. It is also good for use with the more advanced types of users as it features advanced functionality to conduct multiple types of statistical analyses and visualizations. Cons: One of the few drawbacks though of Net miner which may come as a surprise since its user friendliness, is the fact, that it requires at the very least a basic understanding of technical sophistication and some familiarity with social networking Visone: Features: Visone is a long-term research project (team), in which models and algorithms are used to integrate and advance the analysis and visualization of social networks that are being developed(6). The most significant feature of Visone is the design and implementation of a software tool intended for research and teaching in social network analysis. It is specifically designed to allow experts and novices alike to apply innovative and advanced visual methods with ease and accuracy. The main features of the Visone software tool is its interactive analysis and visualization of social networks which proves useful as it is used for the research and teaching of social network analysis. The Visone is also capable of being used through JAVA and can also be downloaded or used via the web. Visone enables the user to run multiple types of visualization based on common scientific algorithms, users can also calculate metrics based on social network data. Visone is commonly used in academic environments; it is also suitable for a wider audience because it is more affordable and easier to use than most academic platforms with similar functionality. Pros: Visone comes packed with a very clean looking and intuitive interface; it is user friendly and helps out the less experienced users to be able to get access to complex tools. Its advanced capabilities to output multiple types of visualizations are also one of its strongpoints. Cons: Visone main drawbacks comes down to the fact that there is a lack of help files integrated within the software therefore it is difficult for user who are inexperienced to be able to carry out tasks which they aren’t familiar with. Support doesn’t only fall short in here it’s online user’s manual to conducting analyses is not comprehensive and other online software documentation is difficult to navigate.

Capillary Refills

Capillary refill is used for patient’s assessment. This method has been performed since the early days of nursing. Some studies show that the method is not full proof or accurate of the patient status. While other research claims validity to this test. Capillary refill is performed on the patient nail that is free of polish. The finger nails and toe nails could be used for this assessment. The nail is lightly compressed and released, it blanches and it is measured when the color comes back to normal.The measurement is done in seconds if it is less than 3 seconds the patient’s circulation is with in normal limits, if it exceeds three seconds than further assessment is necessary to diagnose the problem (Nursing). The patient could be suffering from dehydration, peripheral vascular disease, hypothermia and shock Capillary refill is primarily used in assessment of pediatrics patient. When combining the lack of capillary refill the dry mucous membrane it could lead to diagno se of dehydration.It is in concurrence with skin assessment to the hand that appears cold to touch; the infant is diagnosed with dehydration. In conjunction with infant when an adult is tested and results are abnormal further inquires is mandated. Anorexics individuals who lack the ingestion of electrolyte feel cold to touch. They may have brittle nails, poor circulation and longer than normal capillary refills.These individuals’ electrolyte counts need to be closely monitored because it could lead to poor circulation, dysrhythmias and many other medical problems ( Dufault). It is important when assessing the patient to include the capillary refills, and closely monitor patient who seem abnormal. References: http://nursing411. org/courses/md0531 . Extracted 10/31/12. Dufault M. , Davis, B. , Garman D. , Hehl R. , Henry J. , Lavin M. , Mullany J. , Stout P. (2008). Translating Best Practice in Assessing Capillary Refill. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing.